i? H73 Al GOls y/ Ent, BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA, | INSECTA. LEPIDOPTERA-RHOPALOCERA. Vou. I. (TEXT) BY FREDERICK DUCANE GODMAN, D.C.L., F.R.S., &c., . AND OSBERT SALVIN, M.A., F.BS., &c. 1879-1901. INTRODUCTION List oF PLates Errata Et CorrRiGENDA NYMPHALIDZ. . . Danainz Danaina Ithomiina . SATYRINE MorPHINE . Brasso.in& ACRAINE HELICONIINE NyYMPHALINE LisBYTHEID# ERYCINIDE . NEMEOBIINE . ERYCININE CONTENTS OF VOL. INTRODUCTION. Tae completion of the Volumes dealing with the very rich Rhopalocerous fauna of Mexico and Central America has been inordinately delayed from various causes—the constant pressure of other work, the ever-increasing amount of material, the gradually failing health and subsequent death of my colleague, Osbert Salvin, and the great difficulty of dealing with the Hesperiide. Salvin, however, lived long enough to help me conclude all but the Pamphiline and the latter part of the Supplement. The difficulty with the Hesperiidz was, in a measure, solved, in 1893, by the publication of Watson’s classification of that family, and our arrangement of the Pyrrhopygine and Hesperiine is mainly based on that author’s system ; the Pamphiline, however, were left unfinished, and but little use could be made of his work on these insects. Moreover, on commencing our study of the Hesperiide we found it necessary to dissect and examine the genitalia of the males of various critical species; and this led us to continue the process to the whole of them, a work requiring much time, but amply repaid by the _ results, as may be seen by a reference to our Plates. As an instance of the importance of these characters, we may note that in Thanaos several of the species are absolutely inseparable by external peculiarities, but markedly different in their genital structure. Our study of the Central-American butterflies proves conclusively (1) that the fauna is mainly a northern extension of that of Tropical South America, extending on the Pacific side to Mazatlan and on the Atlantic to a little beyond Ciudad Victoria in Tamaulipas, some few species on each coast reaching the Southern United States, with, of course, many peculiarly modified forms in the region; (2) that there are a considerable number of Nearctic genera and species coming down the central plateau a certain distance into Mexico and some even into Guatemala, as Argynnis, Vanessa, Limenitis, Grapta, various Colias, &c.; (3) that there are no strictly alpine forms, the insects met with above the tree-line being mostly stragglers from below, such species vi INTRODUCTION. as occur at the highest limits of the forest being very like those of similar Andean localities, these mostly belonging to the genera Euptychia, Archonias, Catasticta, Pereute, Enantia, &c.; (4) that the fauna of the Atlantic slope to perhaps as far south as Costa Rica is incomparably richer than that of the Pacific, this being particularly noticeable in the Ithomiina, the Erycinide, the genera Thecla and Papilio, &c.; and (5) that some of the purely tropical genera do not reach north of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, or Panama, as Eutresis, Scada, Cerois, Callitera, Hetera, Oressinoma, Narope, Panacea, Megistanis, Hypna, Zeonia, Ithomeis, &c. A comparison of our fauna with that of the West-Indian Islands (from which we exclude Trinidad and Tobago, as being Venezuelan) shows the extreme poverty of the latter, the Morphine being, so far as we know, wholly absent, and the Ithomiina, Heliconiine, Erycinide, and Brassoline having extremely few representatives *. We are unable to give any precise statistics as regards the total number of known South- American butterflies, there being no general work on the subject; but we may note that America north of Mexico has altogether (exclusive of giale, which in this work is included amongst the moths in the family Castniide) 642 species (Skinner, 1898), as against 1805 in our region. For the whole of the Palearctic region 716 species are now known (Staudinger and Rebel, 1901). Of the total number here enumerated from Central America, 360 are described as new. The distribution of the Rhopalocera enumerated in this work will be better understood by a few remarks on the general features of the country, the elevation of the land, the geological formation, &. The limits of our region are as follows :— the whole of Mexivo from the valleys of the Rio Grande and the Rio Gila on the north (Lower California thus being excluded), the five Central-American Republics of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, British Honduras, and the Colombian State of Panama as far as the Isthmus of Darien. In Mexico we have the central arid tablelands, of varying extent and elevation, running from our northern limits southward to Guatemala and beyond, but interrupted at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The highest mountains are at no very great distance from the Mexican capital; south of this they become lower, till we reach the mainland of South America, where peaks equalling those of Mexico and much higher are again found. The snow-line in Central America is about 15,000 feet. Along both the * Lucas has recorded two species of Erycinide (Syrmatia dorylas and Charis caneus) and one of Brassoling (Opsiphanes cassie) from Cuba; but these statements have not been confirmed, so far as we are aware. INTRODUCTION. vil Atlantic and Pacific coasts there is a comparatively narrow belt of low-lying country clothed for the most part with forest; but this is interrupted in many places by savannas, especially on the Pacific slope, and “ rastrojo” or second-growth woods, which are due to the land having been cleared and cultivated in former times. In the central portions of the country, where there is much less rainfall, the vegetation is poor, scrubby oaks, pines (which do not reach south of Nicaragua), euphorbias, cacti, yuccas, agaves, &c, predominating. The greater amount of rain on the Atlantic slope, as compared with that on the Pacific, also accounts for the much more luxuriant forests on that side. From Southern N icaragua to the Isthmus of Darien the elevated land becomes less extended, till in Chiriqui there is only the central ridge. The physical conformation of each political district, as gathered from recent works on the subject, supplemented by my own or Salvin’s observations on parts of Mexico, British Honduras, and Guatemala, and those of some of our collectors in the more southern republics, may be described thus * :— MEXICO. Mexico stretches about 1950 miles from N.W. to S.E., with a mean breadth of 400 miles. In lat. 26° N. it is 1000 miles wide, while at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec it is but 130. A continuous mountain-range does not exist anywhere here which can properly be called the Cordillera of the Andes, an expression only current south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. About three-fifths of the country is occupied by a vast tableland, in the shape of a cornucopia, tapering to the south-east in the neighbourhood of Oaxaca. Scarps rise in many places considerably above the plateau, broken into ridges usually running from N.N.W. to S.S.E. The most continuous range is the Sierra Madre of the Pacific slope, which may be traced from Oaxaca to Arizona, and corresponding with it on the Atlantic side are the Sierras Madres of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, at an elevation of 6000 to 7000 feet. These ridges are in many places clothed with pine and oaks; but the general character of the tableland itself is barren and arid, being only sparsely covered with acacias, cacti, agaves, yuccas, &c., while in the depressions where there is water are patches of poplars and willows. It may be well here to give the altitudes of certain points in this plateau, in order that the reader may form an idea of its average elevation: Mexico city, 7600 feet; Zacatecas, 8000 feet; the town of San Luis Potosi, 6170 feet ; Durango, 6630 feet; Chihuahua, * Further remarks on the physical features of the whole region will be found in the Appendix to the Botanical portion of this work, iv. pp. 117-315 (1887). viii INTRODUCTION. 4600 feet; and Paso del Norte, on the United States frontier, 3800 feet, the tableland rising again and extending thence into Arizona and far beyond. Of the central cross- ridges the most important is the Cordillera of Anahuac, which surrounds the capital and Puebla, culminating with Orizaba, Popocatepetl, and Ixtaccihuatl, al] reaching an altitude of over 17,000 feet, and Colima, near the Pacific, in Jalisco, of about 10,000 feet. The tableland towards both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts falls more or | less suddenly, leaving a comparatively narrow belt of low-lying forest-country of varying: width, which extends northward on the Pacific to slightly beyond Mazatlan, opposite the southern end of Lower California, and on the Atlantic to a little north of Ciudad Victoria in Tamaulipas, where it terminates abruptly and the northern fauna commences. At the Isthmus of Tehuantepec the Sierra Madre becomes much depressed, the ridge skirting the Pacific being only 730 feet at its highest point and the rest of the district somewhat level, but rising again in Chiapas to about 6000 feet. The peninsula of Yucatan is comparatively flat, with a range of low hills running © from the neighbourhood of Merida to near the Lake of Peten in Guatemala. Though the rainfall is considerable throughout, it rapidly filters away through the limestone substratum and the country is consequently dry. BRITISH HONDURAS. The coast of this colony is low, swampy, and fringed with coral-reefs, thickly covered with mangroves and tropical jungle: inland, beyond a narrow belt of rich alluvial soil, are vast tracts of sandy arid country, the elevated parts of which are called “ pine- ridges,” from the trees with which they are covered; and succeeding these are the ‘“ cohune ridges,” with a deep rich soil covered with myriads of palm-trees (Attalea cohune) and other tropical vegetation. Further inland still are broad savannas studded with clumps of trees, then the Manatee Hills parallel with the coast, about 800 to 1000 feet in elevation, and to the south the Cockscomb Mountains, which reach 4000 feet; west of these there is a succession of valleys and hills and open grassy ground, from 1200 to 8000 feet in height, but of this little is known. GUATEMALA. In Guatemala the main chain of mountains is an extension of that of Chiapas, running throughout the length of the country in an irregular line from north-west to south-east, nearly parallel to the Pacific coast and at a distance of from 40 to 50 miles INTRODUCTION. ix from it. This range attains its greatest elevation in the north in the upland plains of Huehuetenango, San Marcos, and Quezaltenango, the summits of which vary in height from 7000 to 9000 feet. On the Pacific side its outline is broken near the capital by voleanoes—the “ Agua,” 12,400, and the « Fuego,” 13,100 feet. The “Fuego” was made a special hunting-ground by Salvin and myself in 1861-1862 during a prolonged stay at Duefias on the southern slope; and Mr. Champion subsequently spent some time there, as well as at Capetillo and Zapote, the last-mentioned place being on the western side. A second, or lower, range starts near Totonicapam, which forms the watershed of the Rio Negro or Chisoy and the Rio Motagua, and running past Chuacus becomes the Sierra de las Minas, dividing the Polochic from the Motagua Valley and terminating in the lower Sierra del Mico range, south of the Lake of Yzabal and the Rio Dulce. Northward, in Alta Vera Paz, especially in the neighbourhood of Coban, the land is broken into a number of abrupt or conical hills, but most of the indigenous vegetation has been cleared for the growth of coffee. Farther north still the country falls towards the Rio de la Pasion, where Salvin and I, and Mr. Champion also, spent some time collecting in the low virgin forests, which are said to extend almost without a break to the confines of the Mexican State of Campeche and British Honduras. The principal forests are to be found on the Atlantic side, chiefly in the northern part of Alta Vera Paz, and on the slopes of the valley of the Rio Polochic and its tributaries. Some parts of the interior are extremely arid, ¢. g., the Plains (Llanos) of Salama, Zacapa, &c. HONDURAS. The general aspect of this country is varied by mountains and hills radiating from the common base of the Cordilleras. The main chain does not approach within 50 or 60 miles of the Pacific, nor does it maintain its general character of an unbroken range, but sometimes turns back upon itself, forming interior basins or valleys within which are collected the head-waters of the streams that traverse the country in the direction of the Atlantic. Nevertheless, as seen from the Pacific, it presents the appearance of a great natural wall, with a lower range of mountains bristling with volcanic peaks. Along the northern and eastern coasts are several bold groups of mountains, the highest reaching 8000 feet. The greater part of the country is well watered and extensive forests are said to exist in the interior, which, however, is but imperfectly known. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., November 1901. b x INTRODUCTION. SALVADOR. This small Republic lies south of Honduras, with which it is conterminous, and has a comparatively low seaboard of alluvial plains. It consists chiefly of a tableland of about 2000 feet in height, broken by a number of volcanic cones of more recent origin than the main Cordillera, which lies further north, within the Honduras boundary. It is well watered and the natural forests are said to have been to a great extent destroyed for the cultivation of the land. Only a very small amount of our material has been obtained here, and, judging from the configuration of the country, but little that is peculiar need be expected. NICARAGUA. The chief geographical feature of Nicaragua is the remarkable depression stretching from the Pacific to the Atlantic and transversely to the central plateau, which it completely interrupts. This depression lies at a mean elevation of about 100 feet above the sea-level and is partially occupied by two lakes—the smaller one, Managua, - sixteen feet above the larger, Nicaragua, together stretching some 150 miles from north-west to south-east, and finally discharging their waters into the Atlantic by the San Juan River at the southern point of the Mosquito coast. The highest mountains, called the Maribros, which are insignificant in comparison with those of some of the countries here described, are chiefly clustered in the small area between the end of Lake Managua and Fonseca Bay. ‘There are also the volcanoes of Masaya and Mombacha near Granada, and the two volcanic islands of Zapatera and Ometépe in Lake Nicaragua, the latter with its twin peaks Ometépe (4100 feet) and Madera (4190 feet), which at times are more or less active. The little-known region of rugged savannas and plateaux, beyond the mining-districts of Matagalpa and Chontales, whence the chief of our Nicaraguan collections came, occupies about one-half of Nicaragua between the lacustrine depression and the low swampy Mosquito coast; this is drained by several rivers, all flowing eastward, the chief of them being the Escondido. No certain information is available as to the distribution of forests. COSTA RICA. South of the lakes of Nicaragua the mountain-range rises again in the N.W. of Costa Rica and is studded with volcanic peaks. Beginning from the north, Orosi INTRODUCTION, XI (5200 feet), Miravalles, Poas (8845 feet), Irazu (11,500 feet), and Turrialba (10,330 feet) are the highest summits. Southern Costa Rica is marked by the range called the Montafia Dota, 7000 to 9000 feet, running east and west, from which two branches extend, one close to the Pacific, the other stretching across the centre of the country, culminating in its highest points the Cerro Chiripo and Pico Blanco (11,700 feet above the sea). Between these northern and southern masses is the tableland of Cartago, which has an elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet and forms the most cultivated part of the country. In contrast to the south-western, which is characterized by Savannas (Llanos) bordered by forest, the Atlantic slope is covered in great part with an impenetrable jungle. ‘The mountains generally have been cleared of wood to about 6000 or 7000 feet, especially on the southern side. PANAMA. Panama, including Veraguas and Chiriqui, forms the most northern of the United States of Colombia. The Cordillera attains a height of 11,265 feet, in the Volcano of Chiriqui, becoming lower towards the Isthmus, till at Culebra, where the railway crosses, it is only about 300 feet. The climate is excessively wet and the vegetation, especially on the Atlantic slope, is most luxuriant, the mountains being clothed with dense forest; in the month of March, at the height of the dry season, when the “northers” are blowing and bush-fires burning in all directions, most of the country, however, appears very dry. On the Pacific side there are extensive savannas, and all the towns and villages are in the low land, the only inhabitants in the mountains of Chiriqui being the coffee-planters and their employés, people looking after cattle, and (towards Veraguas) a few Indians, who, not living in villages, are rarely seen. The country adjoining the Costa Rican boundary is clothed with dense forest, and this continues more or less interruptedly to beyond the town of David, the ‘* montafa” (or forest) of Chorcha extending to the Pacific coast. On the southern side of the Volcan de Chiriqui the forest commences at about 2500 feet, 8000 being the greatest height reached by our collectors. As might be expected from the foregoing description of a region embracing such a diversity of high mountains, elevated plains, and low valleys, and with an extremely varied rainfall, we find very great differences of climate and conditions, widely affecting the vegetation and the distribution of the insect-fauna. The classification adopted is in the main that of H. W. Bates, as given in his paper 62 xil INTRODUCTION. on the “Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley ” [Journal of Entomology, ii. pp. 175-185 (1864)|, except that the Morphine are retained as a separate subfamily of the Nymphalide, and the Libytheide as a family distinct from the Erycinide. Six families are therefore recognized—the Nymphalide, Libytheide, Erycinide, Lycenide, Papilionide, and Hesperiide, most of these being again divided into subfamilies, &c. Some remarks on the Central-American species of these families and of their habits and distribution are appended. NYMPHALIDA. This family we have divided into seven subfamilies— Danaine, Satyrine, Morphine, Brassolire, Acreine, Heliconiine, and Nymphaline. The Danaine include two groups, the Danaina and the Ithomiina. The first of these, which is very numerous in the Ethiopian and Oriental regions, is represented in Central America by three genera: Danais (in the broad sense), widely distributed over the warmer parts of the world (one species, D. plexippus, apparently spreading more and more every year), Jtuna, and Lycorea, the last two being strictly neotropical. The Ithomiina include twenty-three genera, but few of the South-American ones being absent, and Pteronymia, Ithomia, and Hymenitis are each represented by a considerable number of species. They are all neotropical, the last-named genus extending to the Antilles, where we find the islands of Cuba, Jamaica, and Haiti each with its single peculiar species. Eutresis, Scada, Epithomia, and Heterosais do not reach north of Costa Rica or Panama. Dircenna has been recorded from Rio Grande, Texas, and Ithomia and Mechanitis from Los Angeles, in California; but as they have not come under our notice from either the north-eastern or north-western parts of Mexico, it seems probable that a mistake has been made about these localities, or that the insects may have been accidentally introduced. They are all of weak flight and live mostly in the deep shade of tropical forests, and are therefore unlikely to occur in the United States of North America. A good many have diaphanous wings, a character also common to a few of the Satyrine and Dismorphiina of the same region. In certain genera, Mechanitis, &c., many of the so-called species appear to be imperfectly segregated, as is the case with some of the similarly-coloured Heliconiine, which do not always vary according to locality; others, again, exhibit a homceochromatic * * We called these “ homceochromatic associates,’ when writing on the species of the genus Hresia in this work, in 1882 (I. pp. 184, 185, 188), and Mr. W. F. H. Blandford (Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1897, p. xxii) subsequently used the term “ homcochromatism ” for this form of reciprocal mimicry. INTRODUCTION. Xiil style of marking common to various butterflies inhabiting the same districts. The Ithomiina appear to be replaced in the Oriental region by Euplea and its allies, which belong to the group Danaina. The Satyrine inhabiting Central America are distributed by us under sixteen genera, all South-American but three; two of these, Paramecera and Drucina, have not been recorded from outside our limits, and the third, Gyrocheilus, is apparently confined to Mexico and the United States. Nearly half the total number of species are referred to Euptychia, which extends north of the Mexican frontier, as well as into South America. Of this subfamily various southern genera do not reach our region, as Steroma, Dedalma, Lasiophila, Corades, Pia, &c., though most of these are represented in the northern part of the South-American continent. So far as we are aware, three only of the Central-American genera of this subfamily have been recorded from the West-Indian Islands, and these have never been confirmed. ‘The transparent-winged forms, Callitera, &c., are not found north of Nicaragua, and Cervis, Oressinoma, and Pronophila only enter the southern part of ourcountry. Lymanopoda, Pedaliodes, Oxeoschistus, Pronophila, and Drucina inhabit the forest-clad mountain- slopes of the Cordillera at a considerable elevation ; and Antirrhea, Hetera, Pierella, and Callitera frequent shady places in dense forest at a lower altitude. Some of the species are extremely local, e. g., Drucina championt and Euptychia nelsoni, conspicuous forms which are only known from a very restricted locality on the Pacific slope of Guatemala. Taygetis includes some very variable forest-species, their wings on the underside resembling dead leaves. The Morphine are represented by the single well-known genus Morpho, of which we have mentioned nine species as occurring in Central America, less than half of these reaching Guatemala. | Its northern limits—Tampico on the Atlantic side (M. peleides) and Mazatlan on the Pacific (M. polyphemus) —indicate very clearly where the tropical insect-fauna ceases, though southwards the genus extends to the Argentine Republic. These magnificent butterflies are eminently characteristic of Tropical America, there being nothing quite analogous to them in the warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere; all the Old World Morphine are of a different type, and in general appearance more like some of the Brassoline. The beautiful, delicate, opalescent forms apparently do not reach so far north as the Isthmus of Panama, though we possess a specimen of M. sulkowskii labelled “Costa Rica,” but this locality requires confirmation. ‘The pearly-white I. polyphemus, which is not XIV INTRODUCTION. uncommon in Mexico and Guatemala, and ascends to a considerable elevation, is, we believe, confined to our region, and its nearest ally MW. laertes inhabits South Brazil, there being no representative of this group in the intervening country. The Brassoline are confined to the New World, and include some of the largest of the American butterflies, which belong to the genus Caligo, as well as others of smaller size, six genera being represented. Unlike the Morphine, they are nearly all of crepuscular habits, flying but little during the hottest hours of the day, and when disturbed making for the nearest tree-trunk, usually in the dense growth ; Narope has even been attracted by light, like a moth. The genera are all tropical, four of them reaching Southern Mexico, the other two not extending north of Nicaragua or Costa Rica. In the eastern tropics this group appears to be replaced by Thawmantis, Tenaris, Discophora, &c., of the subfamily Morphine. The Acreeine are numerous in species in Central and South Africa and Madagascar, as well as in certain parts of South America, but within our limits very few are found, four only being known to us, and one of these is but doubtfully distinct. The American forms have been separated from Acrwa under the generic name <Actinote. The paucity of species in Central America is, however, compensated by the abundance of individuals of one or two of them. The Heliconiine, like the Brassoline, are all American, and characteristic in- habitants of the tropical portions of the New World. The two genera, Heliconius and Eueides, extend throughout the whole of our region, and also occur in the Antilles, the first-mentioned reaching the United States. Some of the species are very variable in colour, especially H. erato and the forms mimicking the Danaine genera Mechanitis, Thyridia, Tithorea, &c. We recognize twenty-eight species of Heliconius and seven of Eueides from Central America, There seem to be no corresponding forms replacing this subfamily in the warmer parts of the Old World. The Nymphaline include some of the most widely distributed forms amongst the butterflies, and are particularly numerous in Central America, no fewer than fifty- seven genera being here recorded. Amongst those not confined to America are Eurema, Vanessa, Grapta, Pyrameis, Junonia, Argynnis, Melitea, and Liimenittis ; some of these, however, are holarctic, merely extending down the central plateau to Mexico or Guatemala. Phyciodes, Anwa, Adelpha, Synchloe, Eunica, Eresia, Lubagis, Timetes, and Catagramma are each represented by numerous species. Of the INTRODUCTION. xv essentially tropical genera, those found in the Southern United States are —Colenis, Agraulis, Phyciodes, Anartia, Eunica, Peridromia, Victorina, Cystineura, Timetes, Adelpha, Aganisthos, and Anea: Microtia, Myscelia, Eubagis, Callicore, Ageronia, Didonis, Chlorippe (as understood by us), Prepona, and Smyrna do not reach beyond Northern Mexico ; Metamorpha, Hematera, Ectima, Pycina, and Hypna inhabit the southern portion only of Central America, and Panacea just touches our southern boundary. The most conspicuous South-American forms wholly absent are Callithea, Batesia, Perisama, and Cybdelis. The holarctic genera extending southward are Argynnis (which has only come under our notice from Northern Mexico during recent years), Melitea, Vanessa, Grapta, Limenitis, and Doxocopa. Of those widely distributed and common to both the Nearctic and Neotropical regions may be mentioned Synchioe, Euptoieta, Phyciodes, Pyrameis, and Junonia. So far as at present known, Morpheis and Bolboneura are peculiar to Mexico or Guatemala. Twenty-seven at least out of the total number of genera (57) are common to the Antilles. | These insects are nearly all strong on the wing, but are of very diverse habits. The species of Ageronia, Peridromia, Ectima, Gynecia, and Callizona have the habit of resting on tree-trunks, with their wings fully extended horizontally (placing them vertically when disturbed), after the manner of various Geometrid moths, or of the Noctuid genus [hysania, those of the first two invariably turning their heads towards the ground. Others, Chlorippe, Aganisthos, Victorina, Amphirene, Timetes, Adelpha, Colenis, Lresia, Phyciodes, Eubagis, Pyrrhogyra, Callicore, Catagramma, &c., frequent the pools left in the water-courses during the dry season, as well as the refuse cane thrown out from the sugar-mills, damp places in the roads, &c.; while Siderone, Anewa, and Protogonius resort to moist spots, dung, &c., amongst dead leaves. Limetes chiron, like the moth Uranidia fulgens, has been noticed by various observers migrating in great numbers; but it is possible that most or all of these specimens are of the male sex, the females of this genus being rarely found. Various species of Anwa frequent the tops of trees, only descending occasionally to damp spots in the vicinity, and some of the most interesting forms of Nymphaline peculiar to Central America belong to this genus, viz. A. nobilis, A. excellens, and A. Jansoni ; Agrias edon has been observed by Arcé in Chiriqui to have the same habit. LIBYTHEID. The only known genus of this family, Libythea, is of very wide distribution, as we have already stated in our remarks on these insects (I. p. 359). The single species Xvi INTRODUCTION. inhabiting our region extends northward to Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, and southward to the Argentine Republic. It is replaced by allied forms in the West- Indian Islands. ERYCINIDE. The headquarters of the Erycinide are in Tropical America, where an immense number of species are found, the Oriental region having comparatively few repre- sentatives. We recognize forty-eight genera in Central America, all but two of which (Apodemia and Polystigma) occur also in South America, where many others not entering our region are to be met with, the most conspicuous of these being Helicopis, Stalachtis, Syrmatia, Barbicornis, Amarynthis, and Zelotea. Five extend to the United States, two of which (Apodemia and Polystigma) are not found south of Mexico, the other three (Lurygona, Charis, and Emesis) being common to North, Central, and South America; eight reach Northern Mexico only, and fifteen stop in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, or Panama. So far as we know, the Erycinide are almost wanting in the West-Indian Islands (exclusive of Trinidad and Tobago), two or three species only having been recorded and these not confirmed. Notwithstanding their small size, these are certainly the most interesting of all the Tropical-American butterflies, and from their diversity of form and colour they have always attracted the attention of travellers, among others that of H. W. Bates, who collected and made observations on the very numerous species inhabiting the Amazons Valley. The most remarkable genera known from Central America are: Erycina, Diorhina, and Zeonia, which have the general appearance of a small-tailed Papilio; Anteros, with metallic spots on the underside of the wings; Caria, with metallic lines and patches above ; lthomeis, a mimetic form resembling certain Ithomiina; Mesenopsis, Lepricornis, and Aricoris, the species of which are very like various day-flying moths inhabiting the same districts; Hades, an insect very similar in colour, both above and beneath, to the Nymphalid genus Morpheis, both monotypic forms, the first-mentioned, however, having a much more extended distribution; and Theope, most of the species of which bear a great resemblance to various T’hecl@ occurring in the same localities. To show the poverty of the Erycinide north of our boundary, it may be noted that eleven species only are enumerated by Skinner in his recent Catalogue (Syst. Cat. N. Am. Rhopalocera, 1898), as against our 240. Most of these insects are confined to the “ tierra caliente,” or low country, and are of very retiring habits, constantly resting on the undersides of leaves, some of them being only seen during the very short period INTRODUCTION. Xvi when certain trees are in flower. The Central-American species belong to two subfamilies, the Nemeobiinze and the Erycinine, all but three of the genera belonging to the latter. LYCANIDS. Under this head we have placed six genera: Thecla (in the wide sense), including upwards of 200 species ; Lycana, which is very poorly represented, as is the case all through Tropical America, thirteen species only occurring within our limits: Theorema, Lhectopsis, and Chrysophanus, each containing one or two species only, and the latter probably not really congeneric with the typical Palearctic and Nearctic forms of that genus; and Eumeus, with two species. Theorema and Theclopsis are common to Central and South America; Euwmeus extends north and south of our region, and also occurs in the Antilles; the insect provisionally referred to Chrysophanus is peculiar to Guatemala; Thecla and Lycena are generally distributed. We have already spoken of the great diversity amongst the species of Thecla, and it, no doubt, requires sub- division. In North America this genus still outnumbers Lycena, the former having fifty-six and the latter forty-eight species, as given in Skinner’s catalogue, whereas in Central America the numbers are 215 and 13 respectively. ‘There is a difference of opinion as to the true position of Eumeus, and an interesting note by Mr. S. H. Scudder (of. IL. pp. 110-112) has been added to our remarks on the genus. PAPILIONID&. The Papilionide include two subfamilies—the Pierine and the Papilionine ; the first-mentioned dividing into two groups, the Pierina and the Dismorphiina. Of the Pierina, seventeen genera are mentioned by us as inhabiting Central America. Pereute, Leodonta, Catasticta, and Archonias frequent the forest-clad slopes of the Cordillera, some of the species attaining a high elevation. Eucheira is confined to elevated districts on the plateau of Mexico, living in oak-forests. Hesperocharis affects mountainous places, and ranges from South Mexico to the Argentine Republic, about one-third of the known species occurring within our limits. The remainder— Pieris, Callidryas, Colias, Terias, Nathalis, &c., all widely distributed—frequent open places, Terias and Pieris being each represented by numerous species. The typical forms of Colias in the New World mainly inhabit North America and the Andes. C. cesonia, which is of a somewhat different type, lives in both the low country and the mountains, extending northward to the Eastern United States and southward to Bolivia; the two BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. L., November 1901. c XV11 INTRODUCTION. others, C. chrysotheme and C. philodice, continue down the central plateau to Mexico or Guatemala. Callidryas and its allies are perhaps the most conspicuous of the Central-American Pierine, and they congregate in large numbers, with various species of Terias, Papilio, &c., on the banks of rivers and ponds, or in wet places in the roads, especially in the dry season, when compact masses of them on a space a foot or so in diameter are often seen. Archonias dismorphites, A. lyceas, A. nigrescens, and the females of certain species of Pieris (P. malenka, &c.), as well as Enantia deione (of the group Dismorphiina), resemble in their style of coloration various Ithomiina and Heliconiine inhabiting the same places. The females of the Pier’s mentioned also have narrower wings than the males, the mimicry thus being still more accentuated. Archonias approximata, again, has the coloration of Papilio mylotes, and inhabits much the same localities. The Dismorphiina, a purely Neotropical group, are represented by four genera, most of the species frequenting forest-districts. In their elongated wings (which in some forms are diaphanous) and in their weak flight they exactly resemble certain species of the Danaine group Ithomiina, nearly each genus of which is, as it were, duplicated amongst the Dismorphiina, as noticed by Bates on the Amazons and mentioned by him in his paper on “‘ Mimetic Resemblance.” They are characteristic of the Tropical- American fauna, though more frequent on the mountain-slopes than in the low ground; our genera are all South-American, Dismorphia reaching North Mexico and Enantia extending a little north of the Mexican boundary, where possibly it is not really indigenous. The Papilionine include two genera only—Vapilio, in the wide sense, which is universally distributed, and Laronia, the latter represented by a single species peculiar to the Sierra Madre del Sur, Western Mexico. The gigantic Ornithoptere of the eastern tropics are altogether absent in America; but this deficiency is richly com- pensated for by the abundance and variety of Papilio, upwards of eighty species occurring within our limits. These we have divided into thirteen groups, the typical representatives of which are zestos, montezuma, mylotes, polydamas, thymbreus, prote- stlaus, thoas, epidaurus, pandion, zagreus, eurotas, asclepius, and daunus respectively. It is worth while to again call attention to the dimorphism amongst the females of some of the South-American species of the P. epidaurus-group, a peculiarity not shared by the Central-American forms, and to note the resemblance of P. zalates (of the P. zagreus-group) to some of the Danaine forms, e. g. Lycorea. The genitalia of the males of many of them are figured on our Plates. The true affinities of INTRODUCTION. xix Baronia have still to be ascertained. The only genera of this subfamily in North America are Papilio, with twenty-three species, as against our eighty-four, and Parnassius, including four alpine forms; the last-mentioned altogether absent in Mexico, but perhaps represented by Baronia. HESPERID. The Hesperiide are represented by nearly as many species as the Nymphalide, Tropical America being especially rich, such a great variety occurring in a very limited district that a collector in almost any locality in the low country (except at the height of the dry season) may obtain examples of many different forms in a single day’s excursion. Upwards of 550 species are here recorded, and possibly double that number are to be found on the South-American continent (though many of these latter are still unnamed in collections), belonging to three subfamilies—the Pyrrho- pygine, the Hesperiine, and the Pamphiline. Of the total, rather more than half belong to the Hesperiinz, and the bulk of the others to the Pamphiline, the Pyrrho- pygine having only thirty representatives. The Hesperiide, it may be noted, are also very numerous in America north of Mexico—178 species (exclusive of giale) being recorded (Skinner, 1898), as against forty-six for Kurope in the wide sense (Staudinger, 1871), and sixty-six for the whole of the Palearctic region (Staudinger and Rebel, 1901). The “skippers” have a wider distribution than most butterflies; this may be accounted for, no doubt, by their strong powers of flight and their habit of frequenting com- paratively open places. A very large number of the species are common to our region and the northern part of South America. We have already commented on the difficulty of dealing with the members of this family, especially with regard to the characters that should be used for generic separation, and more particularly in connection with the Pamphiline, the time required for the study of these latter having much delayed the completion of our enumeration of the Rhopalocera. The Pyrrhopygine, a Neotropical group, include the well-known genus Pyrrhopyge and its allies, all insects of large size and robust build. Of the nine genera inhabiting Central America, one, Pyrrhopyge, reaches a little beyond our northern frontier, Mysoria extends to Northern Mexico, Azonar is peculiar to Nicaragua, Amenis and Oxynetra occur in Chiriqui, and the others range from South Mexico or Guatemala to e2 XX INTRODUCTION. the South-American continent. About 100 species are known, nearly one-third of which occur in our region. The Hesperiinee we have divided (following Watson) into two groups—the one almost exclusively American, the other being generally distributed, though more numerously represented in Tropical America than elsewhere. Amongst the genera including the largest number of species are Hudamus (which has a very wide distribution), Staphylus, Thymele, Pythonides, Telegonus, and Pellicia; a few are confined to Mexico and the Southern United States, as Thorybes, Cocceius, Pholisora, and Celotes; but the majority are strictly Neotropical, extending northward to Guatemala or South Mexico, a few, like Dyscophellus, Paramimus, and Timochreon, only reaching the State of Panama. The Pamphilinz, as shown by our critical study of them, divide by their sexual . characters &c. into a great number of small groups, some monotypic, others including two, three, or more species, to which we have reluctantly given generic value. No attempt has yet been made to classify the whole of the known South-American forms, and a comparison with them cannot therefore very well be made. We have, however, traced most of our numerous genera south of Panama, and many of those recorded by us from Central America only will no doubt eventually be found represented on the southern continent. Of our total number, twenty-two at least also inhabit the United States, and some few, Oarisma, Ochlodes, Phycanassa, Atrytonopsis, Stomyles, Amblyscirtes, and Mastor, are peculiar to that country and Mexico; the remainder are strictly Neotropical, a good many not reaching north of the State of Panama. The genera most numerous in species are Thracides, Atrytone (common to the tropical and temperate regions of the New World), Butleria (extending southward to Chile), Carystus, Eutychide, Megistias, and Prenes, the last-mentioned being very widely distributed. The distribution in America of Pamphila (as restricted by Watson) is somewhat peculiar, viz., United States, Mexico, and Brazil, the species from the two last-mentioned countries being exceedingly closely allied. Pyrrhopygopsis in appearance closely resembles Pyrrhopyge and Phocides, but has the neuration &c. of the Pamphiline. The most striking Central-American forms of this subfamily belong to Thracides, Perichares, Talides, Aides, Orses, Lycas, and Dion, nearly all of which are purely Neotropical. INTRODUCTION. XX1 The Table given on the following pages (pp. xxii-xxvii) will show the distribution of the genera in the eight divisions into which we have for convenience divided our region *, as well as their extension north and south, and their representation in the West-Indian Islands (exclusive of Trinidad and Tobago); but it must be observed that we have insufficient data for a trustworthy comparison with the Antillean fauna f. ‘The gaps in the distribution of the widely-ranging Neotropical forms merely indicate that we have not yet received specimens from those districts. An enormous number cf specimens have passed through our hands for the purposes of this work, including many lent by the late Dr. Staudinger, principally from Chiriqui, and by Mr. Schaus, from Mexico. They have been contributed mainly by the following collectors :—From Mexico by Messrs. Baron, Becker, Brooks, Buchan-Hepburn, Elwes, Fenochio, Forrer, Gaumer, Hoge, Mathew, Morrison, Richardson, Riimeli, Schumann, H. H. Smith, Trujillo, J. J. Walker, and myself; from British Honduras by Messrs. Blancaneaux and Roe; from Guatemala by Messrs. Champion, Conradt, Hague, Salvin, and myself; from the Republic of Honduras (including Ruatan Island) by Messrs. Gaumer, Whitely, and Wittkugel; from Nicaragua by Messrs. Belt, Janson, and Richardson ; from Costa Rica by Messrs. Rogers, Van Patten, and Zurcher; from Panama (including Taboga and the Pearl Islands) by Messrs. Arcé, Champion, M‘Leannan, Ribbe, Trétsch, and J. J. Walker. Mr. Smith collected in Mexico, in 1888-89, chiefly at the following places :—Atoyac, at the foot of the eastern slope of the Volcan de Orizaba, ‘Teapa in T'abasco, various localities in Guerrero (from an elevation of nearly 10,000 feet down to Acapulco on the Pacific coast), Cuernavaca, &c. Mr. Richardson was mostly engaged in ornithology, but he sent us various butterflies from time to time, chiefly from the Mexican State of Tamaulipas and from Matagalpa in Nicaragua. Mr. Schaus’s and Mateo Trujillo’s collections were made mainly at Jalapa, Coatepec, Cordova, and Misantla, in Vera Cruz, the most productive district in Mexico for butterflies. Most of these places, as * Salvador cannot be included, owing to want of sufficient material; the Rhopalocerous fauna, however, so far as we know, is very similar to that of the central portions and Pacific slope of Guatemala. Mazatlan and Tampico are grouped with Northern Mexico. t The only list of any importance is that of Lucas, in Ramon de la Sagra’s work on the Natural History of Cuba, but several of the South-American species enumerated by him from that island have not again been recorded from there. We have, however, included them in the Table on his authority, but with a ?. INTRODUCTION. xxi NW ASK ON me oD AHA NSA AOR AMMAN po mt PAI ASDC A OH HIG et ot 41 vo | jo soqmna qejoy, | ‘sorpuy “AA | ‘gatoods “ur De Ok OK HO. 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CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. L, November 1901. es a a ce DOCSTOC Te % * * x * x * % % * we foereere omdug ‘WNINOIIIGY J |e] 37 (8 eee ace eee soe [oer eoenes atteidopnasg eee % ee ee RL UBUAT eee re ey udda}damoy soe [acweeeees viqdsoulsi(y re Onn SITBYIEN | * seeeeereeseres 4 SULIT, * * — ok * Kolo % x ae * Dok % ok OK Ok ok ok on ~ mo ee * & * oy ee Sal N ok Ok OK tok Ok OK X -eurryd ~IOUISI(T * eK OK Ok OK OK seers 1 auttog sreeeeseeees BTUOZOOLUY 1 fetter goaquy . eee veeererseseoses pgetad ¥ see see er sustpopqeyy y [ere sigan sec ecerenaes sekipiy[eo \ eee [ecceeaces ernouojdec{ w | [cep suet tee Pores feeees gragqoogadsa Fy tee [vee fereeeeete es puroqong Settee geiuoyeay wfc feces pyoneryeg tesserereeesemqUOpoary Steere ginadeg tk OK OK OK OK Ok + ook Ok 2K ck ke Ok Ok Ok NAOH KHON DHANAS Dok ok ok Ok Ok * x Sook ok Ok ok ok 2k “Sullotd DOK ok Ok Ok OK Dok kk Ok kK Kk OK OR OK OK oR kk % Ok Ok Ok OK Ok Ok — > ook Dok Ok HR KOR OK OK BOK ROK OK OK OK & * ** KKK KOK OK * OK ¥ ok ke ek ke KK ee He KK KK OK K cS i | | 1 | 1 . * ok k . . . ei * Ok Ok OK * OK OK x OK OK * * + ok Ok * * * “‘WNIBELY | | | ‘WCINOITVd *x * ok x _&# we eK soe ke oe oe ok Ok kK ok Ok Kk KR KK KKK Kk OK OK ook wk Ok kK OK tok Ox > oe SS tet HONOR NORMANS SS OANA MSHA AN SAMO INTRODUCTION. . . 2 . . . . . a s Py * * * cere e ree seeeees soulyy eee oon eeneeeoescce sayy soujfy eee ane [oeccceses sNULLOTUTT[ CO * soe | eeevvensece sopoIsVUyy . ee eeeane (snedq) sntiday ee ee snoojng eae tae ste8ee sigdomolqyoyy ee eee eS ee seoseu yy aoe vee Jeerevecovene soueuhy eee poet esseeresaes BlpLooVLy seer eereeneseentes wo1g *% aoe ee wee see see see tereeeeeereeses BQNBTTEO eee see lee ee wee tee ee [eeeeeecoeeenees snt}}0 4, *% eee * vee * vee see [secre vsecenene "e slUe7, . tee ees see vee tee wae [vweceacoe snyskinoeleg * : cece seen eeecee snysieg * * * eee * x see veeeeeseeros | BUOBIPBT ae vee ae a see see see repeeeeeeeeeeseoes BNTUT A, “OTOH * eee see one wee aoe cee [accvenesercsees snweieyg eee tee eee eee * see wee [eveteesvareeees 8a4RLO A ee tee ee vee see aes wee leoescseneces snioqdavg oe * ee ore SUISBo]] % * ane Ce eer SNITIGa A soe eon x eee x eae Ce ee sn[ised eee . * Heeerereeee BETB08 A eee eee snaidseqy, vee [ste [tee [eeeeseeseereneee sgrrage se fore fee [nee |e fee [ee Paes eerseseeesee gopernay cee fires cee Pees Pete [cee | sae [eee [ees eeseeeeees goprpaeg sg fe fe Loge fee Pree [reereeteeteeeeee gopry eee . see % wee eee treresessreeceeroomm inka -_ SP [rete eee goman gr x * we! seereeeeereress sanodTeg ve [ee [vee [eeeeeeesreee gnaorepT * eoeccenae soqatosd[quiy * setteereesseess Sor ATIOIG # [trees eapogery x jess sisdouoydayy ede teers rcoese saddzng au0ydayy % reese eseeees gagpaBodO e Poo fee: enogdaqereg % eee See eee sisdouvog ene er ree sodsviieg Beer eneer toe { sapaisny serene" gonorqG Herren gags seereeees gnotjom AML, sererereeces ganadoreyy erry rerrer ry 4 Staudt eee ey eiqde pA Ty seers Tog daTayyO Serre rr rer ey sopowdoy eeaccccen eyddxopfouy eure recee sepioadopy teres BUTELIBO tereeseereooescgnasned y re ry 4 eptqdareg estes grerqng Ok ok ook ok 2% : * sk Xe . ° . Dok OK % ok KOK OR OF DR oR RR Ok OK OK & * * * Dok KOK * * toto ke OK ok oe OR ok SK Ok ok Ok * ae * m= % Pg : ok + * * * DOK oR OR Ok A ok ok 2k Ok Ok : ok * OK OK x* Pee errr 104sey vee [iret Pee [eeeeeeee guoreseuyy ve |g we foe | ag bcte Pees feceeeeeeeees snoyysenyy vee [cee foes | aaa [cee Bocce [eseeeereus ** eredaeqy, see foe fog [oe fee fate Pee feeeee roma - ree [ote eee seeeseeres pnostio pr ceeeeeees snourlseuyy tee [cts [retsereeeeeres sardag ree [ree [eeeeerees gatoougo yy see fee | ge [cee Poree fereereeeees tomar * Oe kk K kK RK XK * Sook ak ok ok ok OK OK Ok Ox 1% ok Ok * Ok ok * 3 oe ee 2 Ik So NN rt tT Nt OD st ON SO et st De et OD SO st OD SH ‘((U00) WNYUHAKY J ‘W NITIHANV J ‘(u0o) W AIAAd SAH ‘(u00) HY CILMAd SAH “‘eUlBUeg “a1y-"0) jo zequind [0], “sorpay “M “BONY BI80D) ‘satoeds “‘SOLIOUIY “ff Teordory, | sorpuy “AA | “BUBUed ‘senpuoy "span Puoyy “ENIBIVOLNT “eTeUoyEN | “BOTY, BSOQ “eNSvAvOLN "R{BULO}ENL) “seanpuoyy ‘qua | OOlxoyy x | “BOLIQULY “NT | jo Jequinu [RIO], “SBANPUO PT “QLig7 "ROLIOUIY “ND | ‘sa1eds ‘ury-"¢— “BOOM “Gg peordouy, XXV1i ‘(panurguos) uoyngiystq peoydeisoar) XXVI1 INTRODUCTION. Som! ee ae ee ee DOK OK KOK XK OK OK * KK eK K 5 KK kK kK OK et ret me et OT st OD et aN HD ee es geg Perse seers es cree se ee sees wanTTasap 981 Torte sees sess sees es sees waINortEy FES Tore tss esses sees cess ees sgarmroEy OFZ i W CINIOAM rt WUTAHLAaVT ggg piers e sees eee e ese ees ses sora PTV HAWK N %) ad? re Pcie feseeeeeeeeseees ara x # [rere emtagary re [ott reese sopogarag sees Hees OnoangT cee Pore yes (grueqg) seuegg eee eee se eerecrsees epryadyny “or steBaLT, reseeeee soroumtiag see eee Teeressereeseerens BKIOMT * KK ® “" sisdosidogqaak g Herel ese sapirey soIBy Meg sree soniowiay, eeeteeeereeeees | BoBC) ak ok ok ek : 2 Ok x * * ok * . . . . . . . . * * * * * * srrereceeseeeeeees geenEGy [tee Pee [reer eee grongyg eydic se forts forse Pores Poses Pane |g [tee Pee [orereeereee enungny see rece cerertees seodTy eereteeesorees ge aTBROTT Hieeeerereeees gigoan TT Heereeeees HOIsOMOYT, Heres gUBTT “e* gaproyonuyodry srereeeeeses gaproqs huey Tttereeeeeeete grag uay see eerecerencensce ea[R ‘teteeeeeeeees gpudoug sec ecenceeee eisdoyeqop eee see tbe eecceccenee sn[eqog save ceconeee moq yy see eeeveecesconses uoo"uL, cree Sopriwmoey ae eee eee aoe aoe x eee ee ery seqjudxQ erry eee % aes one * see aoe Trerseeeeees go DBIUOOINT ee eeeveweres eryyadary, KO Kk OK OK * 7K x* * we ke . Ok PITRE HMNDON SHS HR SHOR OO * eK KK KH xk Ke * * XXVlll INTRODUCTION. well as Puebla, Amecameca, the Volcanoes of Popocatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl, and Orizaba, were visited by myself in 1887-88, in company with Mr. Elwes. I also made an expedition to Tabi, Ticul, Valladolid, and other places in Northern Yucatan. M. Blancaneaux, in British Honduras, collected in the vicinity of Belize, on the rivers Hondo and Sarstoon, and at Cayo in the Western District. Salvin’s three visits to Guatemala, in one of which I accompanied him, were chiefly devoted to ornithology, but he obtained many butterflies during his travels, particularly at Duefias, near Antigua, San Gerénimo, in Baja Vera Paz, the coffee-estate of “ Las Nubes ” (on the Pacific slope, generally termed Cerro Zunil in this work, to avoid confusion with another place of the same name near the capital), Choctum in Alta Vera Paz, and the Polochic Valley. On his way home he collected a few insects along the Line of the Panama Railroad, where he met M‘Leannan, from whom we afterwards received many interesting butterflies. Salvin also made a journey to Peten, from Coban, returning again to the city of Guatemala by way of Belize and Yzabal, but on this trip he paid but little attention to entomology. Enrique Arcé was engaged by us during our joint visit to this country, and we afterwards sent him to Chiriqui and Veraguas, in the State of Panama. Mr. Champion, in Guatemala, collected in the Polochic Valley, the Senahu and San Juan district to the north of it, and Sabo, Panima, Sinanja, &c. to the south; Cubilguitz, Cahabon, Lanquin, Chiacam, Coban, ‘Tactic, Purula, San Gerénimo (where he had his headquarters for one year), &c., in Vera Paz; the Los Altos region (Quezaltenango, Ostuncalco, Totonicapam, Quiché, &c.); the neighbourhood of Antigua, including the Volcanoes Agua and Fuego, and of the capital; and almost the entire length of the Pacific slope, from the El] Tumbador district in San Marcos to the Rio Maria Linda, including the Rio Naranjo, Coatepeque, Champerico, Retalhuleu, San Isidro, Las Mercedes, Cerro Zunil, El Idolo, the Lake and Volcano of Atitlan, San Agustin, Pantaleon, Zapote, Mirandilla, Torola, San José, Paso Antonio, &c. In the State of Panama his investigations, like those of Ribbe, Trétsch, and Arcé, were limited to the Pacific slope (Vivala, Alanjé, Bugaba, David, Caldera, Los Remedios, Tolé, Pefia Blanca, the eastern, southern, and western slopes of the Volcan de Chiriqui, &c.); but he also visited Taboga and the Pearl Islands, the neighbourhood of the city of Panama, Colon, &c. Mr. Rogers devoted his attention to various places in Costa Rica—the Volcan de Irazu, Caché, Rio Sucio, &c. Messrs. Arcé, Champion, Richardson, Rogers, Smith, and Trujillo were specially employed by us in various countries as collectors, subsequent to the visit of Salvin and myself to Guatemala in 1861, their several expeditions extending over nearly forty years. INTRODUCTION. XX1X Additions may yet be expected from the Atlantic slope of Chiriqui, in the State of Panama, and from the Isthmus of Darien, districts almost unworked; and, to judge from a small collection made by Mr. Becker in the neighbourhood of Durango city, other northern forms are likely to occur in that part of Mexico. Two important collections of Rhopalocera acquired long ago by us have been of great assistance in working out the Central-American species, viz., that of H. W. Bates, including the first set of his captures on the Amazons (in all 11,450 specimens), and that of Herbert Druce, containing the types of many Costa Rican insects described by Dr. Butler and himself. The late Dr. Staudinger, to whom our thanks are due, communicated numerous types of Mabille and Herrich-Schaffer, so that we have been able to determine with certainty many of the species described by these authors; we are also indebted to M. Charles Oberthiir, of Rennes, for assistance in the identification of various insects described by Boisduval. On the other hand, all our attempts to obtain the loan of Plétz’s quoted (but unpublished) figures of Hesperiide were unsuccessful, and we have been compelled to leave many of his species unidentified, the descriptions being in most cases inadequate for the purpose. I must also here record my special thanks to Mr. Champion for the valuable assistance he has rendered me, especially in the completion of the Hesperiide, since Salvin’s death. Following our usual custom, we have given a distinctive specific name, in preference to a varietal one, to such forms (more especially in the genus Papilio) as seemed to be confined to a particular district, even if the differences were not very important. Since we attach but very little value to relative size, no measurements have, as a rule, been given; our numerous figures, however, which are all drawn natural size when the entire insect is shown, will supply this deficiency. Where no sex is mentioned in the diagnosis, it must be understood that the characters are in almost every case taken from the male. Of the 113 hand-coloured Plates (including XXIV.a), thirty-four were drawn by Mr. R. F. H. Rippon, the remainder by Mr. W. Parkiss, illustrating altogether about 1250 species. The dissections of the genitalia and other preparations were made either by Mr. A. Cant or by Salvin himself. In conclusion, it is a matter of regret that Dr. Holland’s excellent work on North- American butterflies, the second edition of which was published in 1900, reached us XXX INTRODUCTION. too late to be of use in the preparation of the concluding portion of these volumes. Had we received it sooner, much labour would have been saved and some of the more critical northern forms identified with greater certainty, especially among the Hesperiide which extend down the central plateau. F. D. G. November 1901. LIST OF PLATES. | Plate. | Fig. Page. | Plate. Fig. Page. : | : i | ———-|_} . Leucothyris vicina |], ¢ ........ II. , 18 | i. 39, ii. 646 NYMPH ALIDA, | wosion I, do. . Oo IL. | 4 i. 39 | pagasa ||, ¢ .........6.. Ii. | 15 i. 40 Danainx. | Episcada salvinia |, 9 ......... LL 19. | i.41, ii. 646 Olyras theon, d.............. I. | 2 i. 7, ii. 639 || Pteronymia artenatt, dg 2 .... IV. ‘10, 11) i. 42, 11. 646 insignis, 6... eee | 1. | 1 i. 8 alemena ||, Q 0 ......--05 Vv. | i. 48 Eutresis theope .............. | I. | 3 i. 9 parva |], do... . 2 ee eee Vv. , 2 i. 44 Tithorea duenna, 2 .......... | IT. | 7 i. 9, 11, 640 simplex ||, 9 ............ IT. 200 | 1, 45, i. 647 pinthias, @ ............ If. . 8 1,10 rufocincta ||], ¢ .......... II. 21 1, 45 | salvadoris*, Q .......... II. , 9 |i. 11, ii. 641 fulvescens, 6 Q ........ | IV. ' 8,9 i. 46 irene, 9... .. 2... ee eee Il. | 10 i, 11 agalla, dQ .........4.- IV. 6,7 | 1.47, 11. 647 | Melinwa scylax, d............ Il. | 12 | i, 12, 11.641 || 1thomia panamensis +t, Lees V. a) 1. 48 imitata, d.............. Il. 11 i. 18, 11. 641 heraldica, ¢ ............ ! Vv. 4 1. 49, 11. 647 | Scada xanthinat, d .......... IIL. 2 i, 14 XeN0S, G ww. eee eee eee V. | 8 1,50 | Bria agnat, do... ee III. | 12 | i. 15, ii. 641 patilla§$, dow... Vv. «6 | 1. 50, ii. 648 © pacificat, gd ............ [II. 10,11) i. 16, ii. 641 leila, d 6. fee eee eee V. 7 | 1.51, 1. 648 | Thyridia melantho, ¢ ........ I. i 4 1.17, 11. 642 | hippocrenis, ¢ .......... V. rs) 1.51 Mechanitis lycidice, J Q ...... L. 7,8 | 1.19, 11. 642 | jucunda, Q ............ II. a) 1.52 isthmia §, dQ .......... | L. 11, 12) 1. 20, ii, 642 || Hypoleria libera, ¢ Q ........ IV. 12,138 1. 53 doryssus, d Q .......... | I. 9,10} i. 21, ii. 642 fumosa, 9 ..........005. IV. (14 1, 53 —— ——_, var, do wee ee ee TY, 2 | i, 21, ii. 642 | cassotis||, Q ........0.0. | V. 10. | 4. 54, ii. 648 labotas, Q.....-........ IV, 1 |i. 21, ii, 642 | rhene |, go... - 2. | II. «6 i. 54 macrinus, d @ .......... I. _ 5,6 | i. 22, 11, 643 || Pseudoscada utilla |||, ¢ Q .... Vv. 13, 14 1, 95 Ceratinia decumana, @ ........ TV. 3 | i, 28, ii. 648 Hymenitis lyra||, ¢ Q ........ Vv. 11, 12} 1. 57, it. 649 | megalopolis ||, Q ........, II. ' 8 | 1.23 | —— furina, dQ ............ | IV. 15, 16 1.59 | cleis |], Q .....--8-- ae ! LI. db | 1. 28, 1. 648 sosunga ||, dQ ...... eee Vv. 15-18} i. 59, ii, 649 leucania |, d «2... 0-0. IIT. 9 | i. 25, 11. 643 zygia ||, dQ .......4-. . V. 19, 20} i. 60, 11. 649 -—— callispila ||, ¢ ........6. Il. 6,7 | i. 25, 11.643 || Heterosais nephele(], ¢......, V. , 9 i. 61 Napeogenes hemimelena, 9 .... LIT. BO 1. 26 cadral], d .........2000. IT. a, i. 61. tolosa, ¢ .-.... ee eee eee Il. | 1 | i. 27, ii. 648 amara@], Gd .........05. III. 4 1, 27, 11, 644 | ; ; pedaretus, GQ ........ IV. 4,55 1, 285 SATYRIN 2. | Dircenna euchytma||, dQ .... Il. 16,17. i. 30, 11. 644 | Cerois gertrudtus, g.........., CVIL. 1,2 | 1. 62, ii. 649 Callithomia hedila**, Q ...... : LUI. 1 1. 32, i. 644 || Calliteara menander, 9 g ...... VI. 1,2 | i. 68, 17. 650 panamensis, d .......... | I. 2 | i. 32.) Hetera macleannania, dQ ..... VI. 3,4 i. 65 Epithomia callipero|].......... : IT. 14 1.33 | Pierella rubecula, 9 .......... | VI. 10, 11) 1. 67, ii. 651 _ Hyposcada adelphina |, d...... III. 13 | i. 36, ii. 644 incanescens, Q .......... VI. 5,6 | i. 68, 0. 601 | * Tithorea irene on the Plate. ** Callithomia hezia on the Plate. tT Oleria xanthina on the Plate. tt Pteronymia tigranes on the Plate. { ILthomia eurimedia on the Plate. tt Ithomia lycaste on the Plate. § Mechanitis isthmicus on the Plate. §§ LIthomia cotytto on the Plate. || Placed under the genus Jthomza on the Plate. ||| Zékomeza puszo on the Plate. { Napeogenes tolosa on the Plate. { Ithomia nero on the Plate. XXXil LIST OF PLATES. Plate. Fig Page. Plate Fig Page Pierella ocreata, 6 Q ........! VI. 7-9 i. 68 || Oxeoschistus gigas, Q ........- X. 8,9 1. 110 Antirrhea miltiades, g....... VII. 1,2 i. 70 || Pronophila timanthes, g ...... X. 6, 7 i 1, 111 tomasia, ¢ ............ VII. 3 | i. 70, 11.651 || Drucina championi, d .......- CVII. 15, 16] 1. 118, 11. 663 pterocopha, d@ ........ VIL. 4-6 i. 71 EKuptychia metaleuca, g ...... VIII 1,2 | i. 75, 11. 652 Pemollina®, 0 .. VIII. [13,14 i. 76, ii. 652 MorrHINa. fetna, So... ee eee VIII 15,16! i. 77, ii. 652 || Morpho justitiw, ¢ ........0- XI. 1,2 i, 115 salvini, Q .......,.....- Vill 17 i. 73 granadensis, d .......... XI. 3]. i. 118 labe, 9 .... eee eee VIII 3 | i. 79, ii. 652 || ——- octavia, 12.6... eee XI. 4,5 |1.121, ti, 663 cleophes, Q ............ CVII 3,4 ii. 653 ulnare, dw... eee eee VIII 11 i. 80 . equamictriga a VIII 24 | i, 80,, ii. 654 BrassoLinz similis, Go... ee ee eee VITI 4 | 1.81, ii. 654 || Dynastor strix]], 2 ........ XII. 3, 4 i. 123 renata, ¢ ........ ee eens VIII 5 | i. 82, 11.655 |) Brassolis isthmia, d .........- XII. 5, 6 1. 125 pellonia, ¢ ............ CVII 5,6 li. 655 ane oe XII. 7,8 i, 125 satyrina, dS ......---- ee VIII 23 | i. 84, ii. 655 || Opsiphanes josephus, ¢ ...... XIII 3,4 1,126 polyphemus $f, d ........ VIII 22 i. 85 tamarindi, ¢ .......... XIII 5,6 |i. 128, ui. 664 nebulosa, Q ............ VIII 10 i. 86 xanthicles ***, ¢........ XIi. 1,2 1,130 camerta, ¢ «we. ee eee eee VIII 6,7 | i. 86, il. 656 staudingeri, ¢ .......... CVII. 17,18 li. 665 —— phares, 9 ............-. VIII 8,9 i. 88 || Caligo memnon, d............ XIV. 1,4 j1. 133, 1. 666 sericeella, Q ............ Vill 20, 21 1.89 || -—— telamonius, J .......... XIY. 2,3 4. 134 glaucina, ¢ ............ VIII. 18, 19 1,90 | Eryphanis wardi, gd .. ....... XII. 1, 2 |i. 137, ii, 666 —— philodice, ¢ ............ IX. 15, 16) 1. 90, ii. 656 bubocula, gd .......-.--- XV. 1,2 i, 138 nelsoni, d...... Leas CVII. 7,8 | 1.91, u. 656 re XV. 3 i. 138 argentella, ¢ .......... VIII 26 i, 91, 11.656 || Narope testacea, f .......... XV. 4,5 i. 139 —— clinas, d ........- eee CVII. 9, 10 ii. 656 DQ cece ncn eens XV. 6 i. 189 rogersi, doo... eee eee IX. 13, 14 1. 92 ——— pephredo§, d .........- VIII 12 | i. 92, it. 657 . — pyraemon. Qe. VIL | 27. | i. 93, ii. 658 ACRAIN &. i— A CVIL. 11, 12) i. 93, ii. 658 |) Actinote anteas TTT, gd ........ XVI. 1 |1.141, 1. 666 hedemannif], Q .......- VIII. 25 | 1.98, 11. 658 guatemalenatTT, Q...... XVI. 2 11.141, 1. 667 i, IX. 17, 18! i. 98, i. 658 nox ttt, ¢ ...... ee eee. XVI. 3,4 |i. 142, i. 667 'Taygetis andromeda tT, ¢ XxX. 1 | 1.98, 1.659 || —— i ree XVI 5,6 |i. 142, 11. 667 | Lymanopoda euopis, d ........ IX. 9,10 i. 102 ! QQ cece tee ee eees IX. 11,12 i. 102 Hertconry x Cinna, G6... eee ee eee CVII 13, 14 ii. 660 ° Pedaliodes pisonia $7, d ...... X. 4 /|1.108, 11.661 || Heliconius melicerta .......... XVI. 12,13 1. 144 napa, do... ee eee eee ee X. 2,3 i. 104 albucilla .............. XVI. 7,8 1. 144 hulda, d .........2-00- IX. 7,8 (1.104, ii. 661 |; —— p VAP. eee eee eee XVI. 9 i. 144 cremera §§, Q ........-. IX. 3, 4 1.105 jucundus .............. XVII. 1,2 1. 146 triaria, do... 2. eee eee IX. 5, 6 11.105, ii. 662 |) —— SSS XVI. 10, 11 i. 146 Gyrocheilus patrobas, d ...... X. 5 |1.106, ii. 662 octavia ........ 6... eee XVII. 9,10 1,148 Oxeoschistus hilarus |j||, ¢ X. 14, 15) 1.107, ii. 662 formosus ............0. XVII. 7,8 i. 148 cothon, SO ......-.--2-e- X. 10,1] 1.108 clarescens ...........00. XVII. 5, 6 1. 150 submaculatus, d ........ X. 12,13 1.109 fasclatus ...........04. XVII. 3, 4 i. 150 rogersi, Q ...........0ee IX, 1,2 i.110 | ——- montanus .............. XVII. 11 |i. 152, ii. 668 * EKuptychia westwoodi on the Plate. Tt Euptychia zabdi on the Plate. { Huptychia cyclops on the Plate. § Euptychia gemma on the Plate. || Huptychia hilaria on the Plate. {| Huptychia ithamna on the Plate. ** Huptychia vetones on the Plate. Tt Tagetis sylvia on the Plate. tt Pedaliodes dejectu on the Plate. §§ Pedaliodes cremona on the Plate. |||| Oweoschistus hilura on the Plate. 44 Brassolis strix on the Plate. *** Ovsiphanes xanthus on the Plate. ttt Acrea anteus on the Plate. ttt Acrea nox on the Plate. §§§ Heliconius xanthicus on the Plate. | 1 | i | | | | i | Plate. Fig Page. | Plate. Fig. Page. | Heliconius galanthus.......... | XVIII. 1,2 /1, 155, ii. 668 || Phyciodes nigrella, g ........ XXI. 24, 25 i. 199 chioneus .............. XVIII. 7,8 i. 156 || —— » Qe cececeeceaee XXI. 26 i. 199 leuce .. 0. eee eee | XVI. | 3.4 i, 156 niveonotis, ¢ .......... XX] | 27 i. 200 —— sappho ..............4.. | XVIII. 5, 6 1. 157 poltis, ¢ ........ ee eee, XXT. 28, 29 i. 200 theudela .............. | XVIII. 9, 10 |i. 157, ii. 669 ||} —— sitalces, Go... ee eee ae, XXII. '30, 31, i. 201 pachinus .............. | XVIII. 11 i. 158 || —— ptolyca, go... 0.00.0... XXII. (32, 33/1. 201, ii. 680 magdalena.............. | XvVuoI. | 13 |i. 159, ii. 669 | —— ——,, var. lelex, 2 ...... XXL 34 i. 201 vereepacis ...........4.. ; XVIII. 12 |i. 159, ii. 669 || —— —_., var. alethes, ¢ XXII. 35 | i. 201 “Eueides vulgiformis ......... | XIX, 3. |i. 162, ii. 669 | —— ——? var. stesilea, XXI | 36 | i, 201 lineata ................ XIX. 2/1. 163, ii. 670 | —— phlegias, § ............ CVIII. 21, 22! li. 680 olympia ...........0 000. | XIX. 1 i. 164 tuleis, So. eee XXII. 1, 2 |i. 203, ii. 681 | frisia, Sw... eee eee. XXII. 6 i. 203 NyMpPHAtin | ardys, Cow. ee eee eee XXIT. 3,4 /1. 204, ii. 681 ee — > QD eee eee ee eeee XXII. 5 |i. 204, ii. 681 Clothilda insignis, 9 ..........; XIX, 4,5. 1. 174 subota, d .......... 0 ee XXII. 7,8 i. 204 Synchloe lacinia, dg @ ........ XIX 6-17) i. 176, ii. 671 drymea, G¢ ............ XXII. 9,10) i. 205 melanarge, ¢ .......... XX. 9,10 | 1.179, ii. 672 | BOSIS, Se... eee eee ee eee XXII. 11,12) i, 205 erodyle, Qo... se ee eee XX. 3,4 11,180, ii. 672 |) nebulosa, gd ..........4. XXIT. 13, 14) i. 205 —— pecile, d ..........00.. XX. 1,2 |1. 180, ii. 672 alexon, d ...... eee eee. CVILI. 23, 24 11. 681 —— eumeda, Sd ............ CVITII. 1,2 u. 672 || —~— 9 QD cece cece ees CVIII. 25, 26; n. 681 dryope, Oo. ce cece cece ee CVILI 3,4 ii. 672 | ——fulgora, Q.............. XXII. 15, 16' i. 206 endeis, d .............4. CVIII 5,6 Ui. 673 | - crithona, ¢ ............ XXII. 17, 1% 1. 206 —— hyleus, gd ...... 0.0.0... CVIII. 7,8) 11. 673 atronia, d...........0.. XXII. 19, 20) 1. 206 | ~—— gaudialis, gd ............ XX, 5,6 1.182, 11.673 | —— > QD eee e cece eens XXII. 21 1. 206 | - bonplandi*, 9 .......... XX, 7,8 |i. 182, ii, 673 | cassiopea, 2 ............ XXII. 22, 23, i. 207 Eresia mechanitis, 9 .......... | XX, 13, 14 1.183 || —— diallus, 9 .............. XXII. 24, 25, i. 207 drypetis, 6 ............ | XX. 11,12, 1. 184 fulviplaga, Q .......... XXII. 26, 27 1. 208 nigripennis, d .......... XX. 15, 16, i. 186 otanes, f .........0000. XXII. 28, 29 i, 208 ——eutropiat, 2 .......... | XX. 17,18) i. 187 CYNO, Oise eee ceeeeeeees CVI. 27, 28 ii, 681 —— a | XXI. 1 i. 187 | —— » Qe cece eee eeeee CVIIIL. = 29, Bu li. 681 — cela, 9 ................! XXI. 2,3 i. 187 sopolis, S ...... ec ee. XXII. 30 i. 209 —— pecilina, 2 ............) XX. 19, 20 i. 188 » Q rece cece eeaes XXII. 31, 32 i. 209 -clara, dQ wee eee eee XX. 21, 22/1. 189, ii. 674 || Microtia elva, ¢ ............ XX. 23 |i, 210, ii, 682 . . . : C © 17 5 Araynnis nitocris, var. ccerules- | CXIL 15, 16 ii. O75 Renee aoe Lecce eee ees a 10 1h i. 214, i 68° , 5 Qoceeeee cee IXIT 17,18 ii. 675 |) alemena, 9 ............ XXIII. 6, 7 i. 224 Melitsea beckeri, ¢ .........6, CVIII 9,10 i. 676 | pomona, d ............ AXIIEI. 8, 9 1, 225 | schausi, ¢..... 26.0600. CVIII. {11,12 ii. 676 amata, dw... eee ee eee XXIV. | 1,2 i. 225 Phyciodes cyneas, d ........... XXi. 10, 11) i. 191, ii. 677 augusta, d ........ enn. XXIII. 3,4 |i, 226, ii. 684 cynisca, go... ee eee, | XXI. 12 i.191 || —— QO eee ee eee ees XXIII. 5 |i, 226, ii. 684 —— picta, dO... eee cee. XXiI. 4,5 11.198, i. 678 excelsa, d.. 0... 0.00.00. XXIII. = 12,18 i, 226 | —— thebais, f.............. XXI. 13, 14 1.194 || —— modesta, g ............ XXIII. 15, 16/1. 228, ii, 684 — > DQ cece cece ce aee XXI. 15 i. 194 tatilat, gd... eee. XXIII. 14 |i, 229, ii. 685 —— boueardi, g ............ XXI. 16, 17/1. 194, ii.678 || Myscelia ethusa (rogenhoferi), 9; XXIV. 3,4 |i. 231, 1. 685 pallescens, ¢ .......... XXI. 18, 19'i. 195, 11.678 | Epiphile grandis, d .......... XXIV. 0, 6 1, 235 ) EXC: Og XXI. 6,7 |1.196, ii. 679 | ——-—-, 2 oo... cl... XXIV. 7 1. 235 —— imitata, 9.........0.0., XXI. 8,9 |i. 196, ii. 679 plutonia, ¢ ............ XXIV. 8,9 i. 235 /——- dymas, gd ..........0.0. CVIII 13, 14 i. 679 | , bee beeen eee XXIV. 10 i, 235 hepburni, gd ............ CVIII 15,16 ii.679 | Bolboneura sylphis, ¢ ........ ; XXIV, /11, 121.237, ii. 686 anomalus .............. CVIIT 17,18 11.679 | Epicalia chromis, ¢ .......... i XXIVa. 1 |i. 243, i1. 686 anieta, go... 0... ee cee XXI. 20 i197 | CQ cece e eee eee. XXIVa. 2 1.243, ii, 686 cluvia, d .............. XXI. 21, 22 1.198 | aglaura, ¢ «ww... eee XXIV. 13, 14 i. 244, ii. 686 —— faustus 2.2... CVIII 19, 20 ii. 680 | Qe eve cece eee XXIV. 15 |i. 244, ii. 686 fragilis, ¢..........0002. XXI, | 23 11.198, 11.680 | Eubagis theseus, d .......... | XX1Va. 7,8 : 246,11. 686 — | | | ' LIST OF PLATES. XXXili * Synchloe narva on the Plate. Tt Eresia dismorphina on the Plate. ~ Eunica cerula on the Plate. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., November 1901. | | | XXX1V LIST OF PLATES. —— eupepla, ¢ ——- titania, ¢ -—— atlantis, ¢ -—— otolais, ¢ -—— sophax, ¢ —— fessonia, ? —— creton, 9 Plate. Fig Eubagis anubis, gd ............ XXIV a. 9 ao XXIVa 5, 6 sosthenes, d ........ ...| XXIVa. [17,18 Lecce ee eens XXIVa. 19 Lecce eens XX[Va. |15,16 salpensa, ¢ ............ AXXIVa, [13,14 —— thalassina, d .......... XXTVa. {10,11 Seca e eee eens XXIVa 12 Leen ee ee eees XxXIVa 20, 21 x) Lc cece ee eee XX1Va 22 C yclogramma bacchis, ¢ ...... XX1Va. 3,4 Callicore astala, 9 ............ XXV. 5,6 1a, Dove eece eee eee CVIII. 31, 32 Ledeen eens XXV. 3, 4 Lecce eens CVIII. 33, 34 neglecta, ¢ ............ XXV. 1,2 Catagramma faustina, d ...... XXV. 7,8 ima, So... eee eee eee XXV. 19 a rr XXV. 17, 18)1. 2 Lecce eee eee XXV. 15, 16 Lene n eens XXV. 11, 12 Lecce ee ee ee XXV. 13, 14 beeen e eens XXV. 9,10 Ageronia glauconome, ¢ ...... XXVI. 9,10/i. Lecce enee XXVI. 5,6 |i Ore XXVI. 7,8 Peridromia arienis Tf, ¢ ...... XXVI. ll, guatemalena f, d........ XXVI. I, -—— iphthime §, g .......... XXVI. 3, Amphirene superba, d ........ XXVII. 1, Timetes corita, ¢ ............ XXVILI. 7, Lecce nee nee XXVII 9,1 Lee eee eens XXVII lL Pyrrhogyra ‘by psenor ||, d...... XXVII. 3, Lene een eens XXVII. 5, Adelpha melanthe, ¢ ........ XXVIII. | 1, —— demialba, d ............ XXX. 5, Lecce ee eens XXIX 1, Loe e eee XXIX. 11 —-— galmoneus, G ....... ..| SAVITI, 3, —— leuceriaff, Q0 .......... XXX. 7, Lee eee eee XXIX. 18; Lee e eee eee XXIX. 14, erymanthis, Q .......... XXIX. 5, ——— oberthiiri, d............ XXIX, 3, iocles, Go ..ee eee eee eee XXX. 3, Leen eee ee eee CIX. 1 wy Do pete pete pe pte pede pete bebe pede tn ene nn a ee Oe SY GEG G pats . Tr . Or ie pee NR HR Oe HOOP [Neon Wore * Cutagramma guatemalena on the Plate. Ageronia arinome on the Plate. Ageronia guatemalena on the Plate. Ageronia iphthime on the Plate. Pyrrogyra tipha on the Plate. Adelpha leacernia on the Plate. ** Adetpha epiphicla on the Plate. Plate. Adelpha lerna, ¢ ............ XXIX. phylaca, Q ............ XXX. —— pithys, d .............. XXVIIL. basilea **, go ow... XXVIII. iphicla th, S21... . 0... XXVIII. basiloides, Q......... ...| XXVIIT. felderi tf, d............ XXVIII. —— sentia, d .....-.....05. XXIX. pione, Q ...... ee. eee XXIX. —— massilia, ¢ ............ XXIX. pareca, Q ...........0.. XXVIII. Chlorippe callianira §§, d...... XXX. SST XXX. oyane SS XXXII. cherubina §§$, 2 ........ XXXI. Doxocopa argus §§, ¢ ........ XXX. ———, Pe eee eee eee XXX. Prepona camilla ||||, d ........ XXXI wlia, So... eee eee eee CIX. —— gnorima, gd ............ XXXI. brooksiana, Q .......... CIX. Agrias edon, 9 .............. XXXI. Siderone ide, var. thebais, ¢ ..| XXXVII. > DQ eee c eee ceca XXXVII Anea titan, Q .............. CIX. —— nobilis, gd .............. XXXV —- 9 Qc e ccc ce eeee XXXV —— morta, Q .............. XXXII —- ar XXXIV. —— indigotica, d .......... XXXIIL. — 9T. 2 ee, XXXIII. —— xenica, 9 ...........00. XXXIIT. —— promenwa, Jd .......... XXXIV. —— beatrix, d........0.0048. XXXII. — > Q cece cece eee eee XXXVI-. —— schausiana, ¢ .......... CIX. —— » Pee cee ceca ee CIX. —— perenna ***, goo... 0... XXXII. —— onophis, 6 ............ XXXIT. — Or XXXIV. —— pithyusa, gd ............ XXXII. —— xenocles, ¢ ........... XXXIT. proserpina, g .......... XXXILI. —— 9 Q cece cee ee eeee XXXITLI. —— laura, do... eee eee XXXVII. —— ambrosia, 9 ............ XXXVI. —- ko XXXVI. i a) eH OO AT — mt OV CS Ss OT ne ~ te wy ~ c oO pe My is o oO wy ~~ y _ Sie al bS vt ~ OD Orb 7 ve mn) _ ead _ Op et we bo. Vo} i. 804 ii, 692 ii. 692 ii, 692 ii. 692 i, 309 i. 309 tT Adelpha tphicleota on the Plate. tt Adelpha falcata on the Plate. §§ Placed under the genus Apatura on the Plate. il] Prepona demophon on the Plate. VT Anea zelica on the Plate. ¥E* Anca amenophas on the Plate. LIST OF PLATES. XXXV Plate. Fig Page. | Plate. Fig. Page. —| Ana elara, ¢ «0.0... 0.00. CIX. 11,12 ii. 698 | Mesosemia hesperina, S$? ....) XXXVIIL. 13, 14 i. anassa, So... eee eee XXXVI. 1,2 i, 849 carissima, ¢ 9 .......... XXXVIIT. | 8,9 i, —- 9 QD cece e nee eeeee XXXVI. 3,4 i. 849 | gaudiolum, g¢ .......... XXXVI. | 5 i. forreri, So... eee eae XXXIV. | 3,4 |i.350, ii. 698 = GQ vee eee eeeeee XLII. [| 1 i. orthesia, @ ........000. XXXVI. 5,6 /i1.351, i. 698 | grandis, SQ wee eeeee, XXXVIII. | 6,7 i. — > Qe cece cece eens XXXVI. | 7,8 |i. 38], ii. 698 | celestis, Q ............ XXXVITL. | 16 it —— dia, dw... eee eee eee XXXIV. 7,8 i, 351 | asa, 6 Qo... ee eee XXXVIIT. |10, 11 it ——aureola, f ............ XXXVIT. | 1,2 i, 351 |) —— cecropia, ¢ ............ XXXVIII. | 12 it —— —, 9 oe, XXXVI. i351 | ——zonalis, Q@.............. XXXVI. | 15 i. —— jansoni, 9.............. XXXY. 4,5 i. 8353 |; —— i: re XLITI. 2 i. —— excellens, dO ............ XXXYV. 6,7 1.353 | —— vestalis, 9 ............, XXXVI. | 17 i. —— callidryas, 9 ............ XXXV. 8,9 i. 3854 | —— lepida, 9 ............., XLII. 3 i. -—— opalina*, gd ....-....8.0, XXXIV. /|9,10 i, 354 | nivalis, 9 .......0......, XLII. 4 11.386, ti. . 'Cremna eucharila, ¢ 9........ XXXVIIT. 18, 19 i _Lyropteryx cleadas, ¢ ........ XLI. 9,10 i ERYCINID As. eee XL 11, 12 i NEMEOBIIN &. | Necyria larunda, g¢ .......... XLII. 11,12 1 . | Cyrenia pyrippe, d .......... XI. 13, 14 i Eurygona ‘nantiaen, Soveaee, ow ier one Ithomeis imitatris, See eae XLI. 15, 16 i. cheles, 2 .............. OX. 1,2 ii. 699 | 7 2 XLL i ——pgydat, 2 ............ |) OXXKIX. 3.4 i. 364 metoglene dinora, ¢ ........ XLII. 9 i —— crotopus, 2 ............ XL. 7,8 1. 365 dodone, J ....--........ RT ~ 1 ——procula, g ............ XXXIX. 115,16 1. 365 Levri ? g bo a L } __ -eeeeeeeneeeee XXXIX. 117,18 i. 365 epricornis bicolor, Q. ........ XLII. 3 | 2 athena, do... sees e eee XXXIX. |9)) 99 i. 365 unicolort, ¢ .......... XLVIL. 6 |i. 487,11. _—— amphidecta, g .......... XL. 5 6 3. 366 | Chameclimnas villagomes - Lees XLII. Bo. i. eubule, doe... see eee. XL. [13,14] 1.366, ii. 6yg | Chimastrum argenteum §, ¢ ..| XLII. | 28 i. __ 9 Saeeeeeeene XL, Ip |i 366. ii. Ggy || Limnas gynaceas, 9 .......... CX. 3 ii. _ hypophaea, 3 ° - XL. 9.10 , 1. 367 Esthemopsis alicia, S veceaeee XLI. 18, 19 i. leucorrhoa, g¢ .......... XL. 1 L, 12 i. 367 ) ceruleata, J ........ XLI. 6,7 1. sergia, dv. s-.es see. XXXIX. | 9,10 |i. 367, ii. 699 | (@)radiata, Q 1.1.2... SUI. 5 1. — 9 oe XXXIX. [11, 12]1.367, ii. 699 | Mesenopsis melanochlora ||, ¢ ..) XLT. St ag hieronymi, g .......... XXXIX. [13° 14/1. 368, ii. 700 rymmachia, oda Scere, aor 1390 1. 419, 0. inconspicua, 9 .......... XXXIX. 19, 90/1. 368, ii. 700 | “eseme Igmtcauea, J .......... xr 8 . ——- pusilla, 2.0... eee, XL. {16,17 1.369, ii. 700 mat Qe tect e eens xin | 30 1.4 regipennis, gd .......... XI. 1,2 i. 369 Tubella, J sss esses sees XLIL 23. 94 I. —— SQ cece cece cece eel XL. 3.4 i, 369 |) a rn oenetd J eupepla, G1... eee | XLUI. 5, 6 1. 369 eroceella, ¢ .....-...... XLII. 25, 26 I. 423, n ns res XLUI. | 7g | STIL 5, (423.8 bettina, D2... eee eee XL. |a3) 94 1 B70 | Boy Sas Sweets tes xiv. | 95 . cataleuca, gd ............ XL. 21. 99/1. 370, 11. 700 achythone gigas, Porte eee eee i ° 1. aurantia, d ............ XI, 13° 19 i. 370 Charis cadmeis, S ............ XLIV. 1,2 1 a ° x1 30 5 370 velutina, doo... ......0. XLIV. 3,4 |i. 428, ii. chrysippe, So... eee eae XXXIX. | 5.6 i 3r1 | arByrodines, So... 0... xiv. |e i —— =, 2 eee, XXXIX. | 7'g oh a <iva (| ji Methonella chrysomela, ate | be 1 Ore | __ hholostieta, ¢ -o sss, XLIV. | 7 |i.431,417 PQ vette ese ee eee “ne 3, 4 ote macularia], d.......... XLIV. 8 i. sulphurea, Q «ww... | CX. 4 |1.432, ii, Erycrntn. i peciloptera, gd ........... XLIV. [28,24 i 4: Eurybia patrona, d .........8, XXXVIIL. | 1,2 11.375, ii. 700 Calydna venusta, ¢ ......... XLVI. 1, 2 |i. 483, in. Mesosemia telegone, § 9 ...... | XXXVIIT. | 3,4 1. 379 |» | Sarota psaros * Q eee eee aee XLII. 14,15 1.4: * Anea callidryas on the Plate. || Limnas melanochlora on the Plate. Tt Hurygona russata on the Plate. {| Charis ochrias on the Plate. ~ Esthemopsis(?) unicolor on the Plate. ** Anteros psaros on the Plate. § Mesene argentea on the Plate. e2 XXXVI LIST OF PLATES. Plate Fig. Page. Plate Fig. Page. Anteros renaldus, ¢ .......... XLII 6,7 i.440 | Nymphidium hematostictum, 3 . XLVI 1,27) we a74 Emesis ethalia, dg ............ XLII 16, 17 1.442 || _— sicyon, d ..........-4. XLVI 4 11.475, ii. 710 ——, Qe ee eee eeee XLIt 18 1.442 || ——- ipsea, Q ......---. 00, XLV. 17,18 i. 476 tenedia, d...........0-. XLIII 16, 17,1, 448, 11.704 || —— ictericum, g ............ XLVI 3 1, 476 | —— Deen eee eee enes XLII 18 11,448, 11.704 || —— nycteus, Q ............ XLVII 18 i. 476 | —— (lupina), ¢ ........ XL. (13, 14/1, 444, ii. 7u4 velabrum, 2 .........0 0: XLV. {19,20 i477 | yo Q veveaees XLII. 15 |i, 444, ii. 704 || Pandemos nymphidioides, ¢.. XLVI 5, 6 i. 479 brimo, S «6... see eee CX. 5, 6 ii. 704 || Theope eudocia, ¢............ XLVI 10, 11 i481 ——~— poeas, Sw. ee eee eee CX. 7,8 i. 704 SQ cece cece ce eeee XLVI 12 | i481 — 9 Qe cece cence CX. 9,10 ii. 704 hypoxanthe, d .......... XLVII 21, 22 i. 482, ii. 710 liodes, GO «1.1... ee eee XLIIT 19 /i,447,i1. 705 |) —_— —-— (isia), d ...... 0... XLVI 20, 21/1. 482, 11.710 Qe cece cee es XLII. (20, 21) i. 447, ii. 75 barea ||, d.seece cece eens XLVI 13, 14 i, 482 | Caria lampeto*, d............ XLIl oe 33 1. a —— 9D cece cece ee eee XLVI 2 1, 482 ino0*, Soo. ee XLII 122, 2311, 449, 11. 70 . , . eee XLII, [24, 25)i, 449) ii..705 theutis |, 2... ee ee es XLVI { 17 ** } 1. 488 rhacotis *, Q............ XLII 10, 11). 449, 11. 706 folia, So... e eee eee xiv ri i, ries : 26, : _ herta, fo rr XL a, 1. | armomia®, So... XLUL. | | 97+ } 1.449 virgilius, does e eee XLVI. | 7,8 {i.484, ii. 711 | Beotis neswa, ¢ ......--.00- CX. 11,12 ii. 706 talna, Qo... eee eee eee CX. 23, 24 ii. 711 ' Motacharis victrix t, ¢ ...... XLIV 9, 10 i. 454 diores, d 6... ee see ee eee CX. 25, 26 ii. 711 QD vice even eevees XLIV. 11, 12 j.454 | —-§ __o eee. Cx. 27, 28 ii.711 |. Tharops purpurata, ¢ ........ XLIV 15, 16 i. 456 eratvlus, do «1... eee XLVI 9 i, 484 isthmica, d ...... eee. XLIV. = ‘{13, 14 1.457 publius, dw... eee eee. XLVIL 19, 20 1.484 trotschi, Qo... .. ee eee CX. 13, 14 ii. 707 || —— eleutho, Q ............ CX. 29, 30 ii. 712 Temonias adelina, g .......... XLVIT 9, 10 1, 459 mania, Q ...... ee eee eee CX. 31, 32 ii. 712 lilina, ¢ wee. eee eee XLIV. 21 11,459, ii. 708 basilea, ¢ ...... 0. cee ee XLVI 22, 23 i, 485 idmon, ¢ ...... eee eee CX. 15, 16 i. 708 |; —— SQ eect cece ceee XLVI 24, 25 1. 485 — see eee eee eee CX. 17,18 ii. 708 decorata, Q .........00. XLVI. 18,19 1.485 ——— densemaculata, ¢........ XLIV. 19 1.460 || -— matuta, 9 ............ CX, 33, 84 ii. 712 —— eudocia .............04. CX. 19, 20 11.708 | —— glauca ................ XLIV 20 1. 460 ——— theages, Q .........4.. XLIV 22 i. 460 LYCANIDA. —— pelarge, Sd ........00.. XLIV 17, 18)1. 461, 13.708 —— agave, Go... ee eee eee XLVII 7,8 i.462 | Eumeus minyas, d .......... XLVIIL. 1,2 ii, 6, 713 —— zeurippa, d .....-...-5- XLV. 4,5 |i, 462, ii. 709 > Q cece cece eee eee XLVIILI. 3 ii. 6, 713 —— Or CX. 21, 22 ii. 709 | Theorema eumenia, ¢ ........ XLVIII. 4 11.8 —— lasthenes, 5 ............ XLV. 1,2 i.463 || —— i Oa XLVI. 5, 6 1.8 — 9 Qe cece eee eee XLV. 3 1.463 || Thecla coronata, ¢ .......... XLVIIL. 7,8 11.10 -——- labotas, do... . 2... cee XLV. 8,9 i.464 | —— Ore XLVIII. 8) 1,10 Hamearis erostratus$, gd ...... XLV. 6,7 i, 465 teresina, Go... eee eee. XLVIIT. 10, 14 ii. ly —w— domina§, d ............ XLV. 10, 11 1.465 | —— - > Qe cece eens XLVIII. 11 11.10 —— 9 Dec eee ee eee XLV. 12° 1.465 temathea, d............ XLVI. 117,18 nll Apodemia hypoglauca §, 2 XLV. (18, 141.468, ii, 709 | ——~-—,@ .......... XLVI. | 19 ii.11 -—— hepburni§, g .......... XLVII 11,12 i. 468 nobilis, d ........ 00 eee, XLVI. {20, 21 ii, 12 ~-—~ walkeri§, So... 68. XLVII 18, 14/1. 468, 11.709 |} ——--—, QQ ...... 0.0000. XLVITI. 22 ii. 12 Nymphidium preclarum, ? . XLV. 15 1.471 imperialis, ¢ «1.22.0... XLVIII. {15,16 1,138 -—— labdacus, 2 . XEVIL 17 (|i. 471, 11. 709 cypria, dow... ee eee eee XLVI. (12,13) 11.18, 713 | —— laius, d................) XLVI 15, 16 1.472 damo, d ........ eee XLIX. 1,2 11.15, 713 |; —— dorilis, 6.1.0... 0... eee. XLV. 16 i472 |) —~ yD cence c ee eee ee XLIX. 3 ii. 15, 713 | | * Placed under the genus Symmachia on the Plate. + Wrongly numbered 25, 26 at the bottom of the Plate and in the text. ~ Metacharis nigrella on the P'ate. § Placed under the genus Lemonics on the Plate. | Theope baria on the Plate. “| Theope thootes on the Plate. ** Wrongly marked 16 ¢, 17 9 at the bottom of the Plate. LIST OF PLATES. Page. ii il. me i ii. li. es i il, i. ne | Plate. Fig Thecla augustula, ¢ .......... L. 21, 22 nepia, So... eee eee eee L. 19, 20 —— hisbon, ¢ .............. XLIX. 4,5 — » Qe cece cece eee XLIX 6 —— -hemon, ¢g ............4. XLIX 7,8 ——— gaumerl, d ........-.... CXI. 1,2 —— cynara, dw... ee eee eee XLIX 9,10 — On XLIX 11 —— polybe, od ....... ee eee XLIX 12,13 ——imachus, od ............ XLIX 14,15 —~- 9 QD rece cee ene eee XLIX 16 —— carpophora, 2 .......... XLIX 17 carpasia, Sw. .... ee eee. XLIX 18, 19 bacis, dw... eee ee eee XLIX 20, 21 — 9 QD ete e cece eens XLIX 22 ON Os XLIX 23 aufidena, ¢ ............ L. 1,2 — Oe L. 3 —— phaleros, g ............ L. 4,5 —— Qe cece eee eee L. 6 coccineifrons, ¢ ...,.... L. 7,8 re 9 2 a ry L. Y carthea, Od ............ L. 10,11 — 9 QD eee c cence ee, L. 12 caranus, ¢ ............ L. 13, 14 — » Qe cece eee e eee! L. 1d neora, dw... ee eee ee L. 16,17 — > er rs IL. ] 8 ocela, Q) ww... eee eee, L. 23 Scene. L. 24, 25 laothoé, G wwe eee eee. IL. 126, 27| erybathis, @ ............ L. 28, 29, — yD eect eee eee CXI. 3,4 | busa, dio... eee eee! LI. 1,2 perpenna, od ............ LI. 3,4 —— hyas, 9.0... ee eee. | LI. 5 —. re LI. 6,7 cadmus, d ............ LI. 8, 9 oo ’ 2 a ar | LI. 10 petelina, Q ............ | LI. 11,12 —— furina, Sd ............0.4. LI. ‘13, 14 cyda, Q....... eee eee, Ul. IS, 16 —— parthenia, d............ LI. 17,18 ——theia, d .............. LI. 19, 20 — yc ae cece eens LI. i 21 barajo, dow... eee eee LI. 22, 23 -—— yD ccc e eee eeenee LL. Ot eunus, ¢ ........ ee ee ee LL. 25, 26 —— phea, d ..........0... LI. 27, 28 — > Q veer eee eens LI. 1 29 | togarna, ¢ ............ LI. 1,2 herodotus. 6 .......... LIT. i 3,4 Pe, in | 6 fusius, d .. 1... .. LIL. | 6,7 | pastor, @ Le... eee, LIL. 8,9 | — ,@ Pte LIL 10 | agricolor, ¢ LIL. hee i ~ ae . .16, 713 16,713 ii.17 ii.17 17,714 ii. 714 ii. 19 ii. 19 i.19, 714 ii. 20 ii. 20 20,714 21,714 ii, 21 i1. 26 nn. 715 . 26,715 11.27 | 11.27 | i. 34,716 | i. B4, 716 ii, 34 XXXVil Plate Page. | Thecla jada, ¢ ...... 0,-0.0... LII 13,14) ii.35,716 | janias, ¢ ow... eee LIT | 15 11, 35, 716 | talayra, do... ee eee LIT. 16,17, ii. 36,716 | atesa, ¢ ow... ee eee eee LILI. 118, 19 i. 38 | —— hypsea, S .............. LI. 20, 21 11.38 janthina, d ............ | LIL. 22, 23 1. 89 orgia, Sow. eee ee eee LIL. i24, 25 11. 40 — Or Ll, | 26 11. 40 epytus, do... . ee eee LI. 27, 28 ii. 40 —— yD eee eee eee nae LI. 29 ii. 40 ortygnus, G ........00e. LILI. 1,2 11.41, 717 —— pheenissa, gd ............ LIT 3,4 ii. 42 ——jebus, 5... eee. LITI 5,6 11. 42,717 — 9 DQ cece cece eee LUI 7 11.42, 717 —— brescia, d..........0... | LIII 8,9 11, 43, 717 —— 9D eee eee eeeeen | LIII (10 | ii. 48,717 Orses, do... eee ee ee LITT 11,12 i. 43 vibidia, Oo... cece eee ee | LI 13,14 ii, 44 ligurina, Sw... eee eee. | LIL 15,16 i1.44,717 ——lyde, ove. c eee e cece. (WL 17) 4717 azurina, oe weet ee eee. LIil 18,19: n.45 | —— mycon, d ..... eee eee) LIT. 20,21 =11.46,717 | —— 9 Dec e eee eee nee LITE. 22 11.46, 717 ——erema, oe... ee eee ee | LUI 23, 24) ii. 46 —— primno, Q...........0.. | LUI. 25,26 ii. 47 —— phobe, ¢ .............. | LITI 27,28 it.47,717 =, 2 eee LM 29, 47,717 terentia, Do... ee eee LIV. 1,2) ii. 48 —— rhodope, d .........005) LIV. 3,4. i. 48 spinetorum, ¢ .......... | CXI. | 5,6 | 11. 717 ——oerisia, dg ....--......... LIV. 5,6 ii. 49,718 —— arpoxais, d ............ LV. 25, 26: i. 49 —keila, do... .. eee ee. LIV. 7,8 > i1,.50,718 —— 2 eee. | LIV. 9 ii,50,718 —— orios, d..... eee ees LIV. 10, 11, 1.51 —— praxis, d .........-005, LIV. 12,13, 11. 52 —— ortalus, d.............. LIY. 14,15 i. 82 ——cambes, dw... eee | LIV. 16,17 ii. 53 — re LIV. 18 11.53 ——volupia, d ........00.. LIV. 19,20 ii. 58, 718 —— epidius, d...........0.4. LIV. 21, 22 11. 54 —— lausus, 9 .............. LIV. 23 u.54 ——ochus, g ...... see eee. LIV. 24,25, 11.55,718 | —— » QD cece cee e eee LIV. 26,27) = i1.55, 718 | —— pion, d ..... ee eee ee LIV. 28, 29 11. 56,718 __ 9 DQ cece cnc e ence ee LIV. 30 11,56, 718 —— oppia, Sow... eee eee LY. 1,2 11. 56 —— aambrax, d ............ LV. 5,6 11.57 ——syedra, d .... ee eee LY. 7,8 1.57 — ericeta, d ...........24. LV. 3,4 11,58 latagus, do... eee eee LV. 9,10 ii. 58 © orasus, OG ..... 2. eee eee LV. 11,12 11.59, 71% | —— gadira, Sd .........000.. LV. 13, 14 11.59 | norax, d .... eee eee eee LY. 17,18 11, 49 | —— minthe, d.............. LV. 15, 16 11, 60 | —— aura, dw... eee eee eee LV. 21, 22 11. 60 | ——attalion, dé ............ LV. 19, 20 11. 60 | i ! XXXVIii LIST OF PLATES. Page. Plate. Page. Thecla ares, Q ............0. orobia, d ....-. eee eee tanais, d .........0.05. -—-—crolinus, ¢ ..........4.. | lopas, Gow. eee eee eee balius, d .........000. niswe*, do... eee eee, myrsina, ¢ ........66.. orcidia, dw... . ee eee ee EEL meonis, G6 .... ee ee eee. paron, DG ww. cece ee eeee heraclides, 6 .......... | amplia, J .......... eee autoclea, gd ........eeee nortia, Oo .... eee eee eee ATE EL er Pisis, di... ee eee eee Jollia, Sw. ee eee ee eee jlambe, G .... cee eee eeee lucagus, ¢ «eee ee ee eee hesychia, ¢ ............ hicetas, do... ... ce ee eee —— petus, d ...........05. Inoa, dw... eee eee eee —— mevia, d ...... eee eee —— sCopas, Dd .... ee eee reas ——syllis, 6 ..... eee eee —— serapio, d..........--.. —— alea, J wc. cee eee eee i— Cestri, Sw. ee cee eee eee ii. 61 || Thecla cestri, 2 i. 61 hecatet, ¢ 11.62 || —— » 2 ii.63, 719 || ——— semones, ¢ ii. 63, 719 || —— schausi, ¢ ii. 64 || ——~ sesara, 9 ii. 64 || Theclopsis czeus, ¢ ii.65 || Chrysophanus (?) pyrrhias, ¢ ii, 65 || Lycena isola, J 11. 67 ao) li. 67 zacheina, 3 ii. 67,719 |; —— ao) 11. 67, 719 tulliola, ¢ 1. 68 exilis, ¢ 1.68 |) —— , 2 ii. 69 i. 70 7 70 “PAPILIONIDA%. 11. 70 a ii. 71 PIERINZE. ii.71 | Leodonta chiriquensis {, ¢ ii. 72 | Catasticta ochracea§, ¢ ii. 73 »@ ii. 74, 719 || —— theresa§&, ¢ ii. 74, 719 hegemon, ¢ ii. 74,719 |) —— , 9 ii. 74, 719 cerberus, 9 u.75 actinotis §, ¢ ii. 79 costaricensis, ¢ ii. 81 antipater, ¢ ii. 82, 720 crocea, ¢ ii. 83 || Pieris malenka 7], 2 11. 84 viardi, 3 ii. 85, 720 || —~— > ii. 86 noctipennis, J 11. 86, 720 || —— »& 11.87 || —— tenuicornis, ¢ ii. 87, 720 »& ii. 87,720 || Daptonoura ** panamensis, ¢ . i. 88, 721 ’ i. 89 florinda, 9 11. 89 isandra, ¢ 11.92 | Terias boisduvaliana, ¢ ii. 93 2 11. 95 xanthochlora, ¢ 11.96 || —— + ee ee ee ry nigrescens §, ¢ ii. 77,720 || Hesperocharis graphites, ¢ Cd LVIII. LVIII. LVIII. LVIII. LVIII. CXI. LVIII. LVITIL. LVIII. LVIII. LVIII. LVITI. LVIII. LVIII. LVIII. vy ov) ii. 96 ii. 98, 722 ii. 98, 722 ii, 98, 722 ii, 98, 722 ii, 722 ii, 101 ii. 101 ii. 104, 722 ii, 104, 722 ii, 107, 723 ii, 107, 723 ii, 108, 723 ii, 109, 723 ii, 109,723 ii, 193 li. 124, 724 li. 126 ii. 183, 725 ii, 188, 725 ii. 134, 725 ii, 134, 725 ii. 137 | 11. 137 ii. 138 11.138 li. 138 ii, 139, 726 ii. 159 ii. 159 ii. 161, 727 ii, 161, 727 th ob oo# Thecla nicee on the Plate. Thecla hecale on the Plate. Euterpe zenobina on the Plate. § Placed under the genus Euterpe on the Plate. || Euterpe diamorphitis on the Plate. { Pieris alethina on the Plate. ** Incorrectly written Daptonura on the Plate. * Placed under the genus Leptalis on the Plate. Tt Acmeopteron lula on the Plate. ~ Leptalis jethys, 2 , on the Plate. § Wrongly marked 12, 13 9 on the Plate. LIST OF PLATES. XXXix Plate. Fig. Page. | Plate Fig. Page. Terias athalia, ¢ ............ LXIII. 9,10 ii, 164 || Papilio copane, Q............| LXV. 4 ii. 202 > DQ case cece ee een. LXIUTL 11,12 ii. 164 Fas LXVI. 5, 6 ii, 202 —— limbia, ¢ .............. LXIII. 13, 14 i1, 164 | 10pas, Gow. ee ee ee eee CXI. 9, 10 11.728 | —- 9D eee ee eee eeeee LXIII. 15 ii. 164 eracon, Gd ...ese eee eee CXI. 11,12 ii. 728 | —— mana, S wee eee eee LXIV. 13, 14 11. 167 procas, d ............6. LXV. 15, 16 11, 203 —_——_ Cc ss 2 ieunda co ee LXIV. me i 8 —— philenor, ¢ (genitalia &e.).| LXV. | a ij. 204 —— cepio, d ...... Lee eee LXIV. 5, 6 ii. 169 0) ol) (a LXVI. 7,8 11. 205 — a DP ve ee rece n evens LXIV. 7,8 li. 169 orsua, dv... eee eee eee LXVI. 9,10 ii. 205 —— sidonia, d.............. LXIII. 16,17 11.169 || —— thymbreus, ¢ (genitalia)..); LXVII 2 ii. 206 _—— i rs LXIILI. 18, 19 11.169 branchus, 3 (genitalia) LXVII 7 11. 207 —— persistens, d .......... LXIII. = [24, 25 1.170 belesis, d .. 1... eee eee LXVII 3,4, 5) 1. 207, 729 — =) Qe ee eee eee LXII. (26, 27 11.170 belephantes, re LXVII 6 li. 208 —— lydia, dw... eee eee. LX. [20,21 i. 170 guacdo, Gwe eee eee wees LXVII 1 11. 209 —- » Qe e eee eee eeee LXIIT. = 22, 23 ii. 170 eridamas, ¢ ............ LXVII 10 ii. 210 vitellina, S ............ LXIV, 1,2 ii.171 || —— phaon, ¢ (genitalia)...... LXVIT 9 it. 211 > Qe cree eeee cane LXIV. 3, 4 ii, 171 || —— pharax, do .............. LXVII 8 ii. 211, 729 Nathalis iole, d.............. LXIV. 15, 16 ii. 172 || ——— metaphaon, dd .......... CXI. 13,14] 11. 212, 729 » Qe cece cece eee LXIV. 17,18 li. 172 protesilaus, ¢ (genitalia)..; UXVIIT 6 11.213 Dismorphia pallidula *, 3 LX, 9,10 11.176 penthesilaus, ¢ (genitalia) | LXVIII 7 ii. 214 | i LX. 11 11.176 orabilis, ¢ «1... eee eee LXVII. 14, 15 0.216 | — fortunata*, d .......... LXI. 1,2 il. 177 lacandones, S .......... LXVII. (11-13 11. 216 — 9 QD cece cece cena LXI. 3 1.177 salvini, S ....... ee eee LXVILI. 3,4 ii, 217 ribbel*, Q ........00.0. LXI. + 11.178 calliste, ds... . ee eee LXVIIL. 1,2 11, 217 Acmepteron cinerascens *, ¢ LX. 8 ii. 180 | —— marchandi, ¢ (genitalia)..; J-XVIIT. 5 ii. 218 lalat, So ow... eee eee LXIV 25, 26 ii. 181 || —— neosilaus, gd ............) DXVIII. 8,9 11. 219 Enantia jethys*, ¢ .......... LXI. 5,6 ii. 182 || —— philolaus, 3 (genitalia) LXVIII. 12 1. 220 albania, d.........20... LXIV 27,28) ii.183,727 || —— xanticles, Q gd .......... LXVIII. (10,11 ii, 221 —— a LXI. 7 u. 183,727 || —— epidaus, ¢ (genitalia) LXVIIL. 15 11. 221 ——— mercenaria*, ¢ ........ LXI. 8,9 ii. 183 tenochionis, g .......... LXVIIT. (13,14) i1.222,729 | Virgo *, Si. cece eee LX. 14, 15 il. 184 | —— thoas, 9 (genitalia) ...... LXIX. 4 il, 223, 729 | Dee ees LX. 16 ii. 184 | -— epidaurus, o (genitalia) .. LXIX. 3 ii. 224,729 | euryope*, g..........4. LX. 12,138 11.186 |, —-- ——, Qo ...s ee eee eee. LXIX. 1,2} Wi, 224,729 | oreaS *, dw... eee eee LX. 17, 18 11.186 | —— pallas, Qe cece cece eee LXIX. 5, 6 11,225 | deione*, ¢ ............, LX. 5) ii. 186 | —— ornythion, ¢ .......... LXIX. 7,8 | 11,227,729 | — i LX. 6,7 11.186 | ——tolus, d .........008. LXX. 1,2 11. 228 ;— Oe LXX. 3, 4 ii, 228 PaPiLionin.x. ——tolmides, § ......00 000. LXX. 5 ii, 220 Papilio children, d .......... LXV. 1,3 ii. 192 | —— erostratus, ¢ (genitalia) . LXIX. 9 1.229 | » QD se ce cece eeene LXV. 2 ii. 192 pandion, ¢ ............ LXX. 6,7,11) 11. 230, 730 | iphidamas, ¢ (genitalia &c.). LXY. 5,5a| i1.192,727 | —— rogeri, d ..... 1.0.0... LXX., 3,9 11,231 | sadyattes, ¢ ...........- LXV. 4 ii. 195,728 | —— polycharmus, § ........ LXX. 10 li, 232 polyzelus, ¢ (genitalia) LXV. 6 11.195 | —— zalates, ¢ ..........005. LXXI. 1,2,3 i. 233 —— photinus, ¢ (genitalia &c.). LXV. 7,74] 1,196,728 | -—— phaeton, ¢ (genitalia) .. LXXI. 6 il. 234 montezuma, 3 (genitalia &c.) LXV. 8, 8a 11.197 | —— cephalus, gd ............ | LXXI. 4,5 li. £35 alopius, 9. 1... .. eee. LXV. 10,11) ii. 197,728 | —— eurotas, ¢ (genitalia) ....) LXXI. 7 i. 237 —— mylotes, ¢ (genitalia &c.).. LXV. '9,9a ii. 198 | —— birehalli, g ...... key en 8,9, 10 ii, 237 rey 12, .: —— asclepius, ¢ (genitalia) .., Io . 3 11, 238 — mycale, SQ oe. eee, IXV. 1) 13's } me199 | clecteyon, 5 eee | ~XXIL | 1,2 ii, 239 polydamas, ¢ (genitalia) . LXV. 14 | ii. 200 syedra, dQ wee. e eee eee. | LXXIL | 4,5 11, 239 —— lycidas, $ (genitalia) LXV. 17 ii. 201, 728 daunus, ¢ (genitalia) ....; DXXIT. 9 ii. 240 numitor, Q ............ LXVI 1 ii. 202,728 | —— pilumnus, ¢ (genitalia) ..| LXXII. 10 ii. 241 — As LXVI 2,3) ii. 202,728 alexiares, d ..........-. | LXXII. 6,7 ii, 241 xl LIST OF PLATES. Plate Fig. Page. | Plate. Fig. Page. | Papilio americus, enitalia)..| LXXII 8 ii. 248 || Eudamus alciphron, 9 ........ LXXV. 24, 25 i 285 Baronia previcornis, (e Le CXI. 15, 16 11. 730 | metallescens, ¢ .......- LXXV. 27 -29| ii. 285, 733 9 QQ cece cece aee CXL. 17, 18 ii, 730 undulatus, ¢ (genitalia) ../ LXXYV. 30 i 286 Goniurus ceelus, ¢ (genitalia) .. LXer > ii. 287, A 3 . talus, d (genitalia) ...... LXXVI. ll. HESPERIIDA. Plestia staudingeri, 3 ) Lees LXXVI. 3,4 ii. 289 PYRRHOPYGINE. elwesi, Sd ...... ee eee ee LXXvt 5-7 ii. ri , - idi itali XXIIL 4 ii. 246 dorus, Gd wee. ee eee eee ee XXVI. ,* ll. a ee ees ° (emia ») UXXIIL 1, 2,3 s 247 | Tarsoctenus gaudialis, d ...... LXXVI. 10-13 li. 290 gellias, So... 0. cee see OXIL | 1,2] ii. 248,731 perissographus, 2... LXXVI. 4,15) ii. bee seylla, So... se eee eee ee LXXIII. 5,6 ii, 249 || Phocides pygmalion, 3 (genitalia). LXXVI. 16 i. 292, 73: Jonas, 29 gw. eee. LXXIUIL. | 7,8 ii. 250 belus, So... see eee eee LXXVI. 17,18) ii. 298, 738 chalybea, 3 (genitalia) LXXIII. | 12 ii. 250 distans, J ..........-455 LXXVI. 19-21 ii. ee re esculapius, ¢ (genitalia)..| LXXIII. 9 ii. 251 urania, d (genitalia) EXXVI. | 22 | 1.294, 38 creon, Go... cece e eee LXXIII. (10,11 ii, 251 lilea, re LXXVI. 23, 24) ii. 296, 7 is erythrosticta, d (genitalia)., LXXTIII. 13 ii. 252 || Heteropia bryaxis, ¢ (genitalia). LXXVI. 25 ii. 297 araxes, Gv. sees eee eee LXXII. (14-16 ii, 252 cyda, So... ee eee eee. CXIT | 7,8) ih ey Mysoria venezuela, S (genitalia).| LXXIII. 17 ii. 254, 731 melon, @ ......... LXXVI. 26, 27| il. 297, 73 affinis, ¢ ...... cece eee LXXIII. [19-21 ii, 255 || Spathilepia clonius, g (genitalia), LXXVL | 28 | — — ii,298 amra, S (genitalia) ...... LXXIII. 18 ii. 255 || Epargyreus exadeus, 3 (genitalia), LXXVILI. 1 il. 299, 734 galgala, $ (genitalia) . LXXIII. 99 11. 256 gaumerl, ........ee ee LXXVITI. | 2,3 i. 300 Amenis ponina, g............ LXXIII. (28, 24 ii. 257 asander, 3 (genitalia) ... LXXVIT. 4 tb 300 [ pionia, 3 (genitalia)}.. LXXIIl. 25 ii. 258 || Proteides idas, 3 (genitalia). ...| LXXVII. 5 ii. 301, »7 34 Yanguna cosyra, ¢ .....2 eee. LXXIV. 1,2 ii. 258 || Chrysoplectrum perniciosum, ¢ ‘| LXXVII. 6-8 . ii. 303 crida, g (genitalia) ...... LXXIVv, 3 ii. 259 || Acolastus amyntas, ¢ (genitalia) LXXVII. 9 ii. 804, 734 Jemadia hospita, ¢ .......... LXXIV. (4,5,6 ii. 261 | Telegonus anaphus, ¢ (genitalia) LXXVIT. | 10 li. 8065 hewitsoni, d............ LXXIV. |7,8,9 ii, 262 AMPYX, Qo... sees. LXXVII. 11, 12 ii, 306 ——macleannani, g ........ LXXIV. 10-1 ii, 262 hahneli, ¢ ...... 0... LXXVII. {18,14 i, 306 patrobas, d ............ LXXIV 13-15 ii. 263 chiriquensis, d.......... LXXVII. (15,16 li. 308 azeta, Seek ee eee LXXIV. 16,17 ii. 264 grullus, f............4. LXXVII. 17, 18 ii, 308 Myscelus belti, ¢ ............ LXXIV. (21-23 ii, 265 alardus, ¢ (genitalia) ...., LXXVIH. | 19 | ii, 308 hages, Go... eee e eens LXXIV. (24-26 11.266 || —— megalurus (consus), a... LXXVII. (20-22) i. 309, 134 Azonax typhaon.............. LXXIV, [27,28 ii. 267 apastus, g (genitalia) .. LXXVIT. | 23 _ i. 310 Oxynetra hopfferi, g... ...... LXXIV. | 18 ii, 268 eudemus, S ....... vores) DXXVIL, 24,25 ii. 810 [—— felderi, 3 (genitalia)].. LX XIV 19 ii, 268 || Thymele fulgerator, ¢ (genitalia)) LXXVIII. 1 u. 311, 735 —_— annulata, 2 .......+.0-. LXXIV. | 20 ii, 268 polias, Q «1.2... eae. CXII. 9, 10 ii, 735 enotrus, ¢ (genitalia) .. LXXVIII. 2 ii, 312 eniopeus, d ............ LXXVIII. | 3,4 ii, 312 HesPERIIN a. fulviluna .............. LXXVIII. | 5,6 ii, 318 Eudamus simplicius, ¢ (genitalia),| LXXV. 1 11.270 | —— mephitis .............. LXXVIII. | 7,8 ii. 313 chales, S .........0.00. LXXV. 2,3 ii. 274 egregius, ¢ (genitalia)....;| LXXVIII. 9 ii, 314 chaleo, ¢ (genitalia) LXXV 4 i. 27 phalecus, d ............ LXXVIIT. |10-12 li. 314 proteus, ¢ (genitalia) . LXXV 5 i. 277 chrysorrheea, ¢ ........ LXXVIITI. (18,14 ii. 315 esmeraldus, ¢ (g enitalia). . LXXV. 6 li. 278 || —— aulestes, ¢ (genitalia)....) LXXVIIL | 15 ii. 315, 735 ——— dorantes, § (genitalia)....) LXXV. 7 ii. 278, 731 | Telemiades avitus, ¢ (genitalia) | LXXVIIT. | 16 ii, 317 ——— zilpa, ¢ (genitalia) ...... LXXV. 8 1.279, 731 phasias, ¢ (genitalia) . LXXVIII. | 17 u. 317 ——— catillus, d .... 0.220008 LXXV 9,10 11. 280 megallus, ¢ ......... | LXXIX. 1,2 ii. 318 ——-— albofasciatus, ¢ (genitalia) . . LXXV 11 11. 280, 732 || Dyscophellus doriscus, ¢ (geni- . - alcwus, J (genitalia) ..... LXXV. |12 | 4,281,732 | ‘talia).................. | , EXXVII. | 18 ii, 319 ridens, ¢ ...........0.. LXXV 13-15: ii, 282 || Nascus phocus, 3 (genitalia) LXXVIII. | 19 i, 320 — cachinnans, rr CXIT 3,4 | u. 732 > 9, Var we. eee, CXITI. 11,12 u. 735 ——miltas ................ LXXV 18,19 il. 282 cous (eugamon), g ...... LXXVIII. (20,21) ii. 321, 735 —— crlson, 9 .............. LXXV 16,17 ii. 282, 732 gizala (evathlus), 9 ...... LXXVIIL. (22, 28) ii. 322, 736 ——b)iolleyi, ¢ ............ CXII. 5, 6 | ii. 732 (=) 0) (0 as LXXIX. 3-5 | i. 322, 736 —— auginus, ¢ (genitalia) ....) LXXV 26 | ii. 283 advena, d .....-.....000. LXXIX. 6,7 ii. 323 —— auginulus, ¢ (genitalia) . LXXV 20-22 11.284 | Bungalotis midas, ¢ (genitalia)..) LXXIX. 8 li, 324, 736 —— octomaculatus, 3 (g genitalia) LXXV 23 | li, 284 ramusis, @ .......000.. LXXIX., 9-11 il. 325 LIST OF PLATES. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1. ; No vember 190 l . Plate. | Fig Page. Plate. Bungalotis ramusis, @ ........: LXXIX. 12 ii. 325 | Pellicia bromias, ¢ .......... LXXNXITII. heras, d ......... LXXIX. ‘16-18! i. B25 » QD eee cee eens LXXNIII. —- sD cece cece ences OXI. 13, 14 i. 737 costimacula, o vee cee LXXXIIL. dexo, Sw... eee ee eee. LXXIX. {13,14 11. 326 didia, dw... eee ee eee LXXXIII. — Oa LXXIX, 15 ii. 326 || —— 9 DQ cece cece eens LXXXIII. salatis, 3 (genitalia) LXXX, 1 uu, 326 || —— meno, gd ..........00-. LXNXXITI. Cecropterus neis, ¢ (genitalia) .. LXXX. 2 il, 328, 737 | —— thyestes, ¢ ............ LXXAXIIL cinctus, 9 ...........05- LXXX. 3 ii. 329 polyctor, ¢ ............' LXXXIITI. aunus, ¢ (genitalia)...... LXXX. 4 ii. 330 | Mycteris cerulea, d .......... | LXXXIII. —— capys, Sw... eee eee eee LXXX. 5-7 ii, 330 || Nisoniades(?) pelarge, ¢ . | LXXXIV. Rhabdoides cellus, ¢ (genitalia). LXXX. ii. 331 | Cyclosemia anastomosis, 3 LXXXIV. —~—epigona, d ............ LXXX, 9-11 iil. 832 phidyle, Q@ ............ LXAXXIV. Murgaria albociliata, d ...... LXXX. 12-14) ii. 833, 737 | Anastrus newris, ¢ .......... LXXXIV. Thorybes mexicanus, ¢........ LXXX. {15-17 ii, 334 yD eee cee eens LXXXIV. Phoedinus caicus, 6 .......... LXXX. 18-20 ii. 385 | Gorgophone melibea, ¢ Lees LXAXXLIV. aventinus, G..... eee ce ee LXXX. 21, 22 11.335 || Echelatus varius, 6 ......... LXXAXAIV. Cocceius pylades, ¢ (genitalia). . LXXX. 23 ii. 336 luctuosus, ¢ ............ LXXXLV. | Cabares potrillo, d .......... LXXX. |24-26 11. 337 sempiternus, d.......... LXXXIV. enops, GS. - ee eee eee LXXX. |27, 28 11. 338 eugramma, 9 .......... LXXXILV. Cogia cajeta, ¢ ..........-.-. LXXXI. 1-3 11. 339 | Grais stigmaticus, d .......... LXXXIV. eluina, g .........0000- LXXXI, 4,5 | ii. 339,737 || Celenorrhinus eligius, ¢ oe | LXXXV calchas, ¢ (genitalia) ... TLXXXI. 6 ii, 340 talia) .. eee eee joa —— hippalus, g .......-.... LXXX. 29-31) ii. 340, 737 | —— fritzgaertneri (variega- | | LXXXV Typhedanus alladius, ¢........! LXXXI. 7-9 | ii. 842,738 | tus), do... eee eee pees Ceecina calanus, d ............ LXXXI. 10-12 ii, 343 | chiriquensis, d.......... | LXXXYV. /Kthilla echina, d ............ LXXXI. (13,14) ii. 344, 738 || Mylon lassia, ¢.............- LXXXV. Orneates egiochus, d ........ LXXXI. 15-17 ii. 846 pulcherius, ¢ .......... LXAXXYV. Hydreenomia orcinus, ¢ (geni- | LXXXI. 18 i 347 | Eudamidas melander, 3 (geni- | LXXXV. talia) ...... eee eee 20) J Paradros formosus, d ........ LXXXI. [19-21 i. 348 ozema, Ooo... eee ee LXXXYV. Drephalys helixus, ¢ ........ LXXXI. 22-24 ii, 349 |) Xenophanes tryxus, d (genitalia)) LXXXV. Lignyostola lacydus, ¢ (geni- - - -. gx, || Carrhenes fuscescens, d ...... LXXXYV. talia) ....... 2. ee eee LXXXTL 20 ii, 350 calidius, ¢ «1.1.2.6... LXXXV. Hyalothyrus neleus, 9 ........ LXXXI. 27 1. B51 | callipetes, d ............ LXXXV. Phanus vitreus, ¢ (genitalia) . LXXXI. 26 ii. 352 | —— meridensis, ¢ .......... LXXXV., Entheus matho, ¢............ LXXXI. 128, 29 11, 355 canescens, O............ LXXXV. , teeeeeeeeeeeee) LXXXI. 30 ii, 355 | leada, Ow... eee. LXXXY. Artenrotia tractipennis, ¢ (gc- LXXXIL 1 i. 857 ( Potamanax paralus, ¢ (geni- \ LXXXVL nitalia) ............-0.. talia)].. 0... eee eee Si Pythonides cerialis, ¢ (genitalia; LXX XII, 2 L. 358, 738 | pammenes, @ .......... | DLXXXVI. contubernalis, ¢ ........ LXXXIL. | 3-5 ii, 359 | —— melicertes ..........0.008 LXXXVI. aniclus, d.........200085 LXXANIT. 6,7 11. 360 | caliadne, ¢ ............ LXXXVI. belti, So... cee eee eee LXXXII. | 8-10 11. 360 | xantholeuce, Q.......... LXXXVI. lugubris, ¢ ...... 2.000, LXXXIL |11-13 ii, 36L | Achlyodes fridericus, ¢ (genitalia) LXXXVI. —— wera, Sd... eee eee LXXXIT. 114-16 11, B62 | ceeliginea (caliginea), ¢ ... LXXXVI. ——— menedemus, ¢ .......... LXXXI. (17,18 , B62 | calavius, d .......-.... LXAXXVI. —— hyacinthinus, ¢ ........ LXXXII. (19-21 11, 362 | bubaris, ¢.............., LXXXVI. —— scybis, d ........ 0.080. LXXXIL. 22, 23 i. 363 | simplex, Q «1.2... ee ee LXXXVI. — phila,d .............. LXXXITI. (94, 25 i, 363 | _ - yyT pelopea, d ........20.. LXXXII. 26, 27 11, 363 - cymna (fasciata), 2 ...... LXXAVI. Spioniades artemides, ¢ ..... LXXXIT. (28-30 ii, 364 colotes, 9 .............. LXXXVI. Eracon biternata, ¢ .......... LXXXIII. | 1,2 11. 366 | oiclus, Q ........ eee ee LXXXVI. Gorgopas viridiceps, gd ........ LXXXIIT. | 3-5 ii. 366 | Sostrata scintillans, g ........ LXXXVI. Pellicia tiphys, ¢ ............ LXXXIII. | 6-8 | 11. 868 | pusilla, d.......... 008. LXXXVI. Or LXXXII. | 9,10 | ii. 368 | Paches loxus, ¢ (genitalia) ....) LXXXVI. macareus, ¢ (genitalia) ... LXXXIII. ' 11 | 11. 369 polla, dw... eee eee. LXXXVI. —— nyctineme, ¢ (genitalia). | LXXXITI. | 12 | ii. 370 subalbatus, 9 ........... LXXXVI. { | | i } Fig. 13, 14 15 16-18: 19-2] 22, 23 24, 25 13, 14 15, 16 17,18 19-21 22, 23 24-26 27, 28 29, 30! (28, 29. 30 31, 32 | | Page. ii. ii. 383, ii, ¢ ii. 370 11. 370 370 371 .371 i. 372 . 372 373 . 374 375 376, 738 11. 376 £377 237 .378 738 i, 379 . 380 . 380 | . 381 B82 li. 738 11, B83 | i. 384+ 5, 73Y . 386 . d86 | . 387 | 739 | i. 389 |: 2 d90 | - 390 | . 391 | 1. 391] | 11. 392 | i. 302 11. 393 1, 393 . 393° i. 304 li. 11. 395, 739 1. 395, 739 ii. 395, 739 ii. B96 ii. 396,430, 739 . 11. 396 | 11. 396 11. 397 © 11. 398 11, 398 11.399, 740 in. 400 xhii LIST OF PLATES. Plate. Fig. Page. Plate. Fig. Page. Ate proxenus, d ............ LXXXVI. (31-83) ii. 401 || Staphylus giselus, d .......... LXXXIX. 24-2 li. 435 pteras, dw... .. see LXXXVI. (34, 35) ii. 401 imbras, d ...e.eee evens LXXXIX. |27, 2& ii, 435 amaryllis, J ............ LXXXVI. (36, 37 un. 402 | —— i Orn LXXXIX. | 29 ii. 435 {Milanion hemes, ¢ (genitalia)].| LX X XVII. 1 ii, 403 | —— ealetas, 5 (genitalia) ....) LXXXIX. | 30 ii. 436 | marciana, d ............ LXXXVII. | 2,3 11.403 || ——- evemerus, ¢............ LXXXIX. 31,32 li, 436 marica, 9 .............. LXXXVII. | 4,5 ii. 403 unifascia, J 1... eee eee! XC. 1,2 il. 437 Fantis busirus, ¢ (genitalia) ..| LXXXVII. 6 ii. 404, 740 || Scantilla opites, d............ | XC. 3-5 ii, 437 thraso, ¢ (genitalia) LXXXVII. | 7 ii. 405, 740 || Paramimus stigma, ¢ (genit-lia)! XC. 6 i. 438 pallida, d ......--.-008. LXXXVII. | 8-10 ii. 406 | Timochreon satyrus, ¢ (genitalia) XC. 3. 1. 439 Doberes hewitsonius (mexica- .. 6 Zopyrion sandace, cd .........- XC. -10 ii. 440 nus), J (gonitalia) Leeeee } LXXXVIT. | 11 ii, 407, 740 Pholisora mexicana, d ........ XC. 11,1: i. 441 Masices anticus, ¢ .......... LXXXVII. |12-14 11. 408 clytius, d ww... ee ee eee XC. 13, 14 il. 449 Antigonus nearchus, ¢ (genitalia)) LX XXVIL. | 15 ii. 409 alpheus, ¢ (genitalia) .... XC. 15 ii, 442 Systasea erosa, ¢ (genitalia)....) LXXXVIL. | 16 ii. 411 | Atarnes sallei, ¢ (genitulia) XC. 16 il. 443 funebris, G ......-.000. LXXXVII. |17-19 ii. 411 || Heliopetes arsalte, d.......... XC. 17-19 ii. 445 COITOSA, Gi... cee ee eee ee LXXXVII. |20, 21 ii, 412 alana, Gow. cee ee eee XC. 20, 2] ii. 446 emorsa, 9 .........-.-5. LXXXVITI. (22, 23 li. 413 nivella, go... eee eee eee XC. 22-24 li. 446 pulverulenta, g¢ ........ TXXXVII. |24, 25 n. 413 cnemus, Q .........0- XC. 25, 26 ii. 448 Dieeus laceena, ¢ (genitalia)....) LXXXVII. | 26 ii. 414 || Hesperia syrichtus, ¢ (genitalia)! XC. 27 i. 449 Onenses hyalophora, dg ........ LXXXVII. [27-29 i. 415 montivaga, d .......... | XC. 28-30 ii. 450 Gindanes panetius, ¢ ........ LXXXVII. (30, 31 ii. 416 notata, So... ec eee eee XC. 31, 32 ii. 451 —— brontinus, d............ LXXXVII. (32-84 ii. 416 || Celotes nessus, Q ............ | XCL. 27, 28 il. 452 Timochares trifasciatus, d (ge- | wy Paver , & (genitalia) ...... XCI. 29 ii, 452 nitalia) 0.0... sence es LXXXVIL.) 8 Hi 417 | Ghiomara asyeliiey oes | X¢n | 8 | ii. 453, 741 ruptifasciatus, ¢ ........ LXXXVIITI. | 1,2 ii. 418 mithrax, ¢d .......-.--- | XCI,. 4-6 li. 454 Ebrietas osyris, g (genitalia) ..| LXXXVIII.|; 4 il. 419, 740 gesta, oo... eee ee eee XCI. 7-9 li. 455 ~— amacreon, d .........25. LXXXVIII. | 5-7 ii. 419 || Thanaos funeralis, d.......... | XCI. 10-12 il. 456 —— ecliptica, d ............ LXXXVIII. | 8-10 ii. 420 ——-, Pee eee cence | XCL. 13, 14 iil. 456 (?) impressa, gd .......... LXXXVIII. 11,12 ii, 421 tristis, ¢ (genitalia)...... | XCI. 15 ii. 457 Camptopleura theramenes, 3 LXXXVIIL. 13-15 ii. 421 || —— mestus, ¢ (genitalia) ... | XCI. 18 ii. 457 ~— tisias, O «2... . eee eee LXXXVIII. | 16 li. 423 pacuvius, d ............ XCI. 16,17 ii. 458 Diphoridas phaleenoides, ¢ (ge- + ws albomarginatus, d ...... | XCl. 19-21 li. 458 tnitalia) «sss... see. “e } LXXXVUI. | 17 iris errr XCEL 22,28) ii. 458 palpalis, .......0.00. LXXXVIIL. !18, 19 ii. 424 afranius, ¢ ..........5. XCI. 24-26 li. 459 Gorgythion pyralina, d........ LXXXVITITI. |20-22 li. 425 | begga, So ow... eee ee eee LXXXVIII. | 23 ii. 425 _ Pawpulrina. . Anisochoria polysticta, gd ...... LXXXVITI. |24-26 ii. 427 || Butleria microsticta, Q ........ XCIL 1,2 i. 464 Theagenes egides*, ¢ ........ LXXXVIILI. [27-29 ii. 428 |) —— , & (genitalia) ......) XCII 3 li. 464 lactifera, ¢ ........004. XCT. 30-382) ii. 459 anomalat, d .......4.. XCII 4-6 li. 464 stator, So... eee ee eee XC (33-35) ii. 460 pulchra, ¢ wee. e eee XCLL. » | 7,8 ii. 465 Staphylus eylindus, d ........ LXXXIX. | 1-3 | ii. 430 || -—— eryonas, ¢ ............ XCTI 9-11 li. 465 ——— cupreiceps, ¢ .......... LXXXIX. | +6) ii. 480 || -—— lalage, J ...--.-...0008 XCII 12,18 11. 466 aurocapilla, d .......... LXXXIX. | 9-11 ii. 431 octomaculata, ¢ ........ XCII 14,15 ii. 466 COE08, Do... ee ee eee LXXXIX. | 7,8 li. 432 faula, Ow. eee eee eee XCIL 16, 17 ii. 466. ——— mazans (ascalaphus), 3 LXXXIX. |12-14! 11,482,740 | Pamphila dardaris, ¢ ........ XCIT 18-21 ii. 467 -— yy Qo wee eee. LXXXIX. | 15 ii. 432, 740 || Apaustus menes, ¢ (genitalia) .. XCII 22 ii. 468 |-—— hayhursti, ¢ (genitalia)]..; IXXXIX. | 16 ii. 433 || Oarisma powesheik 7, ¢ ...... XCII 23-25 ii. 469 --— aztecus, 6 Q.........4.. LXXXIX. 17,18 11. 483 garita§, dw... eee eee XCIL 26-29 ii. 470 ——— evippe, d .... eee eee eee LXXXIX. 19, 20 ii. 483 || Adopzeoides simplex, g........ XCII 30-33 i. 47 ~-—— OFSINES, Gee eee eee eee ee LXXXIX. (21, 22 hi. 434 , bistriata, Q ...... XCIl 34 i. 471 --— brennus, ¢ (genitalia)....' LXXXIX. | 23 it. 484 | Ancyloxypha arene], d ...-.. XCII 35-38 ii. 472 i | * Eropus egides on the Plate. § Puradopceu calega on the Plate. + Buitlerca leucospila on the Plate. || Ancylorypha myrtis on the Plate. + Paracdopea garita on the Plate. Plate. Copseodes aurantiaca, d ...... XCII. Cheerephon citrus, g .......... XCIILI. rhesus, Q .......-.2.05- XCILI. » &o (genitalia) ...... XCIIT. Hylephila phyleus, ¢ (genitalia), © XCIII. Erynnis morrisoni, ¢ ........ XCIII. Atalopedes campestris, 3 (geni- } XCLL talia) 2... eee eee Thymelicus vibex, d.......... XCIII. — yD Lecce ee ee eee XCIII. athenion, ¢ (genitalia).... XCIIT. Catia druryi, 3 (genitalia) XCIIT. Ochlodes snowi, d............ XCIIL. » QD cece cece eee XCIIU. Augiades heras, d............ XCIIL. hecale, G wo... ee eee XCILL. Zariaspes mys, ¢ «1... ee ee XCIIT. mythecus, d............ XCILI. » Qi cence eee eeee XCILLI. Poanopsis puxillius, ¢ ........ XCIII. Paratrytone rhexenor, dg ...... XCIITI. polyclea, dw... .. 2... XCIIT. [Phycanassa viator, ¢ (genitalia)]) XCIV. psaumis, Q .........08. XCLYV. Atrytone delaware, ¢ ........ XCIV. —— zabulon, ¢ (genitalia) . XCIV. —rolla, do... ee cee eee XCLYV. — vitellius, ¢ ............ | XCIV. ——mella, od .............. XCLYV. ——mellona, gd ............ XCIV. —— myron, ¢ .............. XCIV. — yD eee cence eens XCIV. ——helva, d .............. XCLY. —. > Q cece cece eee XCLY. —— melane, d...... 0.0200 XCIV. —_— » Qe cece cece eee XCIY, —— gala, do... ee eee. XCIV. —— monticola, g............ XCLV. —- 9 QQ eee ee cece eee XCIV. —— niv eolimbus, Siw eeeeceee ACIY. —— imimica, Sd ............ XCLY. vee ee eee XCIY. Buzyges idothea, re XCY. Lecce ee eee CY, Atry tonopsis deva, ¢ ........ XCY. 2 QQ cece cece ee eeee XCV. -—— pittacus, d ............ XCV. python, 9 ..........0... XCV. Lerodea eufala, dg ............ XCVY, dysaules, ¢ ............ XCV. Stomyles tolteca, ¢ .......... XCV. florus, ¢ (genitalia) ...... XCV. comus, 9 .............. XCY. nereus, d .............. XCV. Amblyscirtes nanno, ¢ ........ XCV. ‘folia, Bivcececcceccceeae XCV. —— fluonia, gd ..........00.. XCY. pp LIST OF PLATES. xlili Fig Page. Plate | Fig. | Page | | 39-42 ii. 473 | Amblyscirtes elissa, 9 ¢ ...... XcV. 40, a ii, 505 i 1-4 ii. 475 || Halotus saxula, ¢. XCV. 42-44) 11. 505 | 5, 6 ii, 475 || Calpodes ethlius, of (wing ‘&e. ds XCV. 45, 46) i. 507 7 li, 475 | Prenes evadnes, ¢ (wing &e.) . XCV. 47,48 ii, 508 8 11. 476 | pauper, d ..........00-. XCVI. 1-3 ii. 509 9, 10 il. 473 | —— nero, d (genitalia) ...... XCVI. 4 ii. 509 - pag || —— DQ cece ce nee eeeee | XCVI. 5, 6 11. 509 i ne drd | var. corrupta, ¢.... XCVE 7 ii. 509 12-14 ul, 480 || —— philippina, d .......... XCVI. 8,9 ii, 510 15, 16 il. 480 || —— ares, do... eee ee XCVI. 10-12 ii, 510 17 ii, 481 | —— oeola, § .... eee eee XCVI. 13-15 ii, 51] 18 li. 482 vala, d ................ NOVI, 16-18 ii, 512 (19-2) un. 483 || Cydrus nevolus, ¢ ........06) XCVI. 19-21 1. 513 22, 23 ii, 483 | Aides epitus, d ...........008 XCVI. 22, 23) ii, 514 24-26 li, 484 dysoni, 9 .............. | XCVI. 24 ii. 514 27-24 ii, 484 | clara, Skee cece eee | XOVI. 25,26 ii, 515 30, 31 ii. 485 | Paraides ocrinus, ¢ ..........; XCVI. — }27-30 ii. 516 32-34 1. 486 | Xeniades orchamus, ¢ (genitalia) XCVI. 31 11. 517 35, 36 ii. 486 pteras, dw... ee eee eee XCVI. 32-35 ii. 518 37-40 iil, 487 || Telles arcalaus, 5 (genitalia) . XCVI. 36 i. 519 41-43 ii. 488 | Thespieus dalmani, ¢ ........ XCVI, 37-40 11. 520 44, 45 1. 488 | macareus, d ............ XCVI. 41-483 ii. 520 1 ii, 489 | ovinia, d .............., NOVIT, 1,2 i. 521 2.35 ii, 489 || Vacerra litana, d ............ XCVIL. 3-6 | ii, 522 4-6 | ii. 490 9 Qc eee e nee! XCVII. 7,8 ii, 522 7 il. 490 egla, Oo... eee ee eee XCVILI. 9-11 ii. 522 8-10 il. 491 lachares, Q ............ ' XCVII. 12,18 ii. 523 11-13! ni. 492 canente, ¢ (genitulia)....: XOCVILI. 14 nn. 523 14-16 i. 4y2 ,, —- ——, 2... eee. XCVII. /15, 16 i. 523 17-19) 11. 493 | Tirynthia conflua, S.......... XOVIL 17,18 11, 524 20-29) il 1B | x a Lecce eee eee ' XCVII. 19, 20 ni, 524 23, Q4 ii. 493 || Niconiades xanthaphes, 6 ) | met wee 2507 ii 404) (wing &.)...... ae i" XCVIL, [21,22 i, 525 28, 29 il. 494 | CSO, Oe eee eee ee eee | XCOVII. (23-25 11. 526 30-32 il, 494 | ——- merenda, ¢ ............ XCVII. = (26, 27 11, 526 33, 34 ii. 494 viridiceps, Q............, XCVII. 28, 29 11. 526 35, 36 ui, 495 | Oxynthes coruscus, ¢ ........, XCVIT. (30-33 ii. 527 37-39 ii, 495 | Phemiades pro ertius, d (veni- 7 * 40 i495 talia) mo } XCVI. | 34 1. 528 41-48 1.496 | Thoon modins, g ............, NCVIL. 35—-3& 11. 529 44-46 ii. 496 | taxes, d . wee eee eee, ACVII. (39, 46 ii. 530 47 ii. 496 | Rhinthon chiriquensis, g¢ 2.0... NCVILT. (41-44 VD. 531 1-3 i. 497 cynea, do wee. ee ee eee NCVIIT. 1-3 nn. 531 4,5 ii. 497 © alus, do... eee eee eee XCVILI. 4-6 i. 532 6-9 ii. 49% | —— melius, d 2? ............, XCVIIT. | 7,8 ii, 532 10 ii. 498 | epaphus, d ...........- NCVIIL. | 9,10 ii. 533 11-18 i. 498 | megalops, d........000- — XCVITL 11-18 11, 633 14,15 ii. 499 | Cobalus fidicula, ¢ 1.0.0.0... XCVIII, 14-16 11. 535 16-18 ii, 500 gabina, So... e cece eee eee XCVIIL 17,18 ii. BBS | 19, 20 ii. 500 | argus, Owe... ee eee ee XCVIIT. 19-21 11, 580 | 21-23 11. 501 ! percosius, gd .....-...... XCVITI. 22-24 11. 536 | 24 ii, 502 | cann®, So... eee eee eee. XCVIIT. 25-27) ii, 536 25, 26 ii. 502 | warra, doo... . eee eee eee XCVILI. | 28 ii. 537 27-30: ii. 502 | Cobalopsis edda, ¢ .......... XCVIII. 29-31 ii. 537 31-34 ii, SOL | , veeeeeseeesee. MOVIL. | 3 ii. 537 35, 36 i. 5 dyscritus, d (genitalia) XCVIII. | 33 Hi. 538 37-39 ii, 504 | Onophas columbaria, g¢ ........ XCVIUI. 34-37) i. 53Y { xliv LIST OF PLATES. : | : : | Plate. Fig. | Page. | "Plate. Fig. Page. | | | | | (Honus pyste, d .... eee eee | XCVII. 38-41 ii. 540 | Molo herwa, d .....- eee eee CI. 34-37 ii. 580 Mucia thyla, dg ...........6.. | XOVIL. 42-44 li. 541 | fVinius arignote, d].......... CI. 38-4] il. 580 Morya valerins, @ .... +... +0. | XVI. (5-47, ii, 542 | ——sagitta, goes. co OL (49,43 ii, 581 | Perimeles remus, d .......... XCIX. 1-3 ii. 543 || Padraona epictetus, ¢ ........ CI. 44-46 ii. 582 | Tigasis zalates, ¢ ............ | XCIX. 4,5 ii. 544 | Carystus claudianus, 5 ........ CII. 1-4 li 583 | | Kutychide cingulicornis, ¢ ....; XCIX. 6-9 ii. 545 eynaxa, do... ee eee eee CII. 5,6 ii. 584 | midia, ¢ ...... cee. eee XCIX. 10-138 ii. 546 |) ——— ebusa, gd, var. .......-.. CII. 7,8 i. 584 | ochus, Gow... ee eee eee XCIX. [14-16 ii. 546 |) —— , o (genitalia) ...... CU. 9 | ii, 584 orthos, S ..... eee eee XCIX. {17-19 ii. 546 | —— marcus, ¢ (genitalia) .... CH. || 10 | ii. 584» —— lycortas, do... . eee eee XCIX. 20, 21 il, 547 || —— anrelius, Q ............ CLI. 11,12 se 585 aBEMA, Sows ee eee eee eee XCIX. 22, 23 ii, 548 |) —— diversus, Sd ............ CII. 13, 14 li. 585 Phanes (Phanis) justinianus, ¢.. XCIX. (24-27) ii. 549, 741 fantasos, d (genitalia) .... CIT. 15 i. 586 Euroto compta, d .........-.- XCIX. 28-31 li. 550 artona, So... . ee eee eee CII. 16-18 11. 586 | lyde, Svc ee ee ee ee eee XCIX. 32, 33 ii, 551 coryna, ¢ (genitalia) .... CII. 19 ii, 587 micythus, d ........ 000. XCIX. = [84, 85 ii, 551 || Paracarystus hypargyra, d .... CII. 20-23 ii. 588 | chlorocephala, g ........ XCIX. 36 ii. 551 || Zenis minos, g ..... 2. eee CII. 94-27 11. 589 MAgTUS, DG... see ee ee eee XCIX. = {87-39 li. 552 || Vettius phyllus, ¢ (wing &c.) .. CII. 28, 29 ii. 590 | Phlebodes tiberius, ¢ ........ XCIX. {40-43 ii. 553 lafresnayi, ¢ .........- CII. 30-32 ii. 590 Lerema accius, ¢ (genitalia).... XCIX. 44 ii. 554 || Coeliades fiscella, d .......... CII. 33-36 il. 592 bipunctata, gd .......... XCIX. 45-47 1i. 555 || Dion gemmatus, ¢ .......... CII. 37, 38 ii. 593 penela, oo... . ce ee eee XCIX. 48, 49 iii 555 | Flaccilla ecas, ¢ (wing &¢.)....: CII. 39, 40 i. 693 Meeris striga, ¢ (wing &c.) .... C 1,2 11, 056 | Cymeenes malitiosa, ¢ ........ CII. 41-43 li. 595 hyagnis, ¢ (genitalia) .... C 3 ii. 557 lutulenta, d .........00. CII. 44, 45 ii. 595 Metron chrysogaster, J ........ C 4-7 11. 558 syraces, ¢ wwe eee eee. CIIT. 1-3 i. 595 Metrocles leucogaster, g¢ ...... } 8,9 ii. 559 silius, ¢ «wee. eee ee eee CIII. 4-6 ii. 596 Papias infuscatus, ¢ (wing &c.) . C 10, 11 i. 560 berus, @ eee. ee eee eee CIII. 7-9 i. 596 dictys, ¢ ....... ee eee C 12,138 i. 560 > O, Varo... eee. | CIII. 10 ii. 596 ———~ microsema, d ......44.. C 14, 15 ii. 561 || Mnaseas bicolor, ¢ ..........) CII. 11-138 ii. 597 —— phainis, ¢ (genitalia) .... C 16 li. 561 || Methionopsis modestus, ¢...... CIII. 14-16 ii. 599 Mnasinous patage, d.......... C. 17-19 ii. 562 || -—— typhon, ¢ (genitalia) ...., CIIl. 17 ii. 599 | | Metiscus atheas *, ¢ (wing &c.). 0. 20, 2] i. 563 | Eutocus phthia, d............ CIII. 18-20 ii. 600 'Methion melas, ¢ (wing &c.) C. 22, 23 il. 564 || Eprius (Epeus) veleda, d ..... | CII. 21-28) in. 601, 741 'Thargella fuliginosa, ¢ (wing &c.) C 24, 25 1. 565 || Mnasicles geta, d .........-.. CIII. 24-26 li. 602 ' Mnasitheus cephis, ¢ (wing &c.). C 26, 27 ii. 566 hicetaon, ¢ (genitalia).... CIII. 27 ii. 603 simplicissimus, ¢ (wing &c.) C 28, 29 il. 566 | Callimormus juventus, gd ...... CIIl. 28-31 ii. 604 -Mnasaleas uniformis, 5 (wing &c.) C 30, 31 1. 567 |, filata, Gow... eee ee eee CITI. 32, 33 ii. 604 ' Mastor anubis, d ............ C 32-35 ii, 568 | gracilis, d (genitalia) ... CIIl. 34 ii, 605 | bellus, g (genitalia)...... C 36 ii. 568 | corades, Ge... eee ce eee. CIll. [35-87 ii. 605 perigenes, ¢ ........ eee C. 37, 38 ii. 569 | Mnestheus ittona, d .......... CIII. 38-41 ii. 606 , Mnasilus penicillatus, ¢ ...... Ye 39-42 i. 570 cometho, d ........0.. CII. 42-44 ii. 607 | Vehilius illudens, d .......... | C. 43-46 ii. 570 Indens, Od ........0200.. CIT. 45, 46 li. 607 venosus, d .....-...04- | } 47-49 il. 571 | [Artines epitus, ¢ (wing &c.)].. Cit. 47,48 ii. 608 ' Megistias tripunctatus, d ...... CI. 1-3 n. 572 | artizies, d...... re CII. 49, 50 11. 608 jera, Oo wee. eee eee eee CI. 4,5 ii. 572 | [Falga jeconia, d].....-...... CIY. 1-4 ii. 609 labdacus, ¢ ............ CI. 6,7 i. 573 sciras, Goo... cee eee eee CIV. 5,6 ii. 610 /—— cbasus, d........ eee eee CI. 8 ii. 573 || Enosis qnadrinotata, g........ C1Y. 7 ii. 610 18U8, GO .... eee eee CI. 9-11 11. 574 || Carystoides basochesi, g ...... CIV. 8-1] ii. 611 | ——fraus, d ........ ee eee CI. 12 il. 574 || Lychnuchoides saptine, d...... CIV. 12-15 ii. 613 telata, ¢ wo... eee eee CL. 13-15 ii. 574 || Tisias myna, ¢ ...........-.. CLV. 16,17 ii. 614 epiberus, ¢ ............ CI. 16-18 ii. 575 || Themesion certima, 9 ........ | CIV. 18, 19 li. 615 leucone, Sw... eee ee 11. 19-21 ii, 575 orbius, 9 ..........e eee ' CIV. 20-21 ii, 615 : Parphorus storax, d .......... CI. 29-95 ii. 576 || Turesis lucasi, ¢ ............ CIV. 22, 23 ii. 616 'Vorates decorus, ¢ .......... CT. 2h-29 ii. 577 | theste, S ..... eee eee. CIV. 24-26 ii. 617 sapala, dow... ee ee eae CI. 30, 31 11.578 || Megaleas svrna, d............ CIV. 27,28 1. 617 | Pherwus epidius, ¢ .......... CI. 32,33 11. 579 || Lycas argenteus, 5 (wing &c.).., CIY. 29, 30 ii. 618 | * Mnasinous atheas on the Plate. LIST OF PLATES. xlv Plate Fig Page. Plate Fig fOrphe vatinius, ¢ (wing &.)].. CIV. 31, 32! ii. 619 | Thracides placens, 2 .......... CVI. 1,2 | Damas clavus, d ..........0. CY. 1-4 | il. G21 1 salius, So... ee eee eee CVI. 3-5 | , Orses cynisea, do (wing &.) .... CV. | 5,6 li. 622 || longirostris, ¢ .......... CVI. 6-8 | iricolor, dw... , CV. 7,8 ii, 623 | —-——, g, var. .......-.. ev 9 | _'Thracides phidon, ¢ (wing &c.). .| CV. , 9, 10 ii. 624 |) chiomara, ¢ (genitalia) ..: CVI. 10 deceptus, Q ......-..46- CY 11,12 ii. 624 | xanthura, ¢.........005) CVI. 11-13 luda, di... sce e ee eee CY. 13-15 iil. 625 | Perichares corydon, ¢ (wing &c.) CVI. 14, 15: molion, Oo. .s eee eee eee CY. 16-18) ii. 625 |i agrippa, d .... eee eee eee CVI. 16, 17: S125 a0) 5 ls CY. ‘19, 20! li. 625 |: lotus, G ww eee eee eee! CVI. 18-20 -—— henricus, d ............ CY. 21-23} 11. 626 |) A Oran CVI. 21, 22 aroma, ¢ (genitalia) .... cy. 24 ii. 626 || Talides sergestus, ¢ (wing &c.)..| CVI. 23, 24 —_— 5 Pec eee ee eees CV. 25, 26) li, 626 || —-, gd, var ......0... CVI. 25, 26 aurifer, Ge... ee eee eee cy. 27, 28! ii. 626 | Pyrrhopygopsis orasus, g ...... | CVI. 27-30 polles, Qo ve .ee cece eens Cy, 29, 30 ii. 627 | | Ra 18 16, 32 48 8 19 30 3 3l 17 2 Lb 35 several places 23 25 19 19 ERRATA ET for J. read T. for Tikorea read Tithorea. Before Tab. III. insert Oleria ranthina, for edesia read edesia. for Choacus read Chuacus. for hemimelena read hemimelena. for Napeogenys read Napeogencs. for Atayac read Atoyac. Before Tab. IIT. insert [thomia salvinia, After Heterosais nephele. insert (Jthomia nero, Tab. V. fig. 9, d-) for arcescilaus read arcesilaus. for not interruptedly read interruptedly. for Pancina read Panima. for ferrugineis read ferrugineo. for Tagetis read Taygetis. for Neonymypha read Neonympha. for epinephile read epinephele. for D. read Tf. for 7 read 9. Sor IX. read X. for peperna read perperna. for IX. read X. for Antirrhea read Antirrhea. for eight read nine. for P. read M. for no pencil on the costal side read a pencil on the inner side. for Vallalolid read Valladolid. for Oaxaca read Antioquia. for Zambador read Tumbador. for A. read H. for luce read leuce. for Clerk read Clerck. for Voan de Irazu read Volcan de Irazu. for Clerk read Clerck. for EUPETOIETA read EUPTOIETA. \ for Eupetoieta read Euptoieta. d for Eupetoieta read Euptoteta. for Atayac read Atoyac. for eranitis read eranites and for alcina read alsina. for Calithomia read Callithomia. for Clerk read Clerck. for Atajac read Atoyac. for aineta read anieta. for Southern Mexico read Mexico. for alemene read alcemene. for cynanthe read cyananthe, for E. read M, \ for pierrettii and pierettii read pierretit. for lyre read lyce. for Graytown read Greytown. for figg. 12, d, read figg. 11, 12, gd. after rutila add sp. n. CORRIGENDA. Page 264 274 282 285 292 293. 300 304 Line 14 for 2 read 1. after PANACEA inseré nomen nov. for V, read A. erase the word GuaTeMALa at beginning of line. before Tab. XXVII. insert P. tipha, for Atajac read Atoyac. before Tab. XXX. insert A. leucernia, for cythera read cytherea. after sentia add sp. n. before San Gerdnimo insert GUATEMALA, before Tab. XXXI. insert Apatura cyane, before Tab. XXXI. insert Apatura cherubina, after Siderone ide. insert (Tab. XXXVII. figg. 8, 9, do, var. thebais ; 10, 2.) for marpesia read marthesia. after promenza add sp. n. after Anza proserpina. ixsert (Tab. XXNIUI. fige. 7,8, 5; 9, 10, 2.) for Tab. XXXVI. read Tab. XXXVI. for Tab. XXXIV. figg. 11, 12 read Tab. XXXVI. figg. 5, 6, d; 7,8, Q. for enomais read wnomats, after opalina add sp. n. jor Lefebre read Lucas. for NEBEOBIINE read NEMEOBIIN.E. for Eurygone read Eurygona. for mollina read molina. for C. read EF. for M. read T. for Chemelimnas read Chamelimnas, for melanochlorus read melunochlora. after yucatanensis add sp. un. erase the whole of the paragraph beyond the word Panama. for C. hedemanni read M. hedemannt. for mollina read molina. for perone read perone. for ochreas read ochrias. for A. read S. for aries read ares. for Atayac read Atoyac. for Tab. XLIII. figg. 25, 26 read ‘Tab. XLIII. figg. 26, 27. (The numbers are also incor- rectly given at the bottom of the Plate.) for they differ read it differs. for back read black. for terra read tierra. for molina read molela. for this species read this genus. before Tab. XLVII. insert Lemonias hepburni, before Tab. XLVII. insert Lemonias walkeri, for L. read N. for godmanni read godmani. for Atayac read Atoyac. for Vindot. read Vindod. BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. ZOOLOGIA. Class INSECTA. Order LEPIDOPTERA. Suborder RHOPALOCERA. Fam. NYMPHALIDZ. Subfam. DANAINZE. Group DANAINA. Male with a pair of anal pencils of hair; basal joint of palpi short; distal end of tarsus and tarsal joints of front leg of female flattened, so as to give a club-shaped termination to the leg ; tibia of male as long as the femur ; tarsus always present. DANAIS. Danais, Latreille, Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 10 (1819) ; Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 89. Subcostal of primaries with one branch before the end of the cell; cell of the secondaries elongated; discocellulars nearly in the same line and subparallel to the sub- median nervure ; a wart-like knob by the side of the first median branch in the male. This genus has a wide range in the tropics; and several species also spread into the temperate zones in both hemispheres. America is not nearly so rich in species as many parts of the tropics of the Old World; still the number of individuals of each species is very great, as in all the more open parts of the country these butterflies are commonly met with. In Central America three species only are certainly recognizable; but these show considerable variation, each comprising several imperfectly segregated forms. 1. Danais plexippus. Papilio plexippus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 767'; Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 206. f. E, F?. Danais plexippus, Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 105°. Papilio archippus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 49°. Danais archippus, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 184°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 330°. BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. B 2 RHOPALOCERA. Alis supra fulvis, marginibus late et venis distincte nigris; illis nisi coste dimidio basali maculis serie duplici albo punctatis, anticarum apicibus rufo-nigris, maculis fulvis notatis: subtus ut supra, primariis pallidioribus, secundariis lete ochraceis, primariarum apicibus macula tripartita ochracea notatis. Hab. N. Amurica??*,—MeExico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Yucatan (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob.); Gvaremata, Rio Polochic, Central valleys, Chuacus, Duefias (Ff. D. G. & O. 8.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten®, Carmiol); PANAMA, Chiriqui (Arcé), Lion Hill (M*Leannan).—AnTILLES and WESTERN S. AmERiIcA to PERU. Great confusion exists as to the correct identification of this name of Linneus. In the tenth edition of his ‘Systema Nature’ (i. p. 471), in addition to the brief diagnosis, reference is made to Sloane’s ‘ Natural History of Jamaica’ (ii. p. 214, t. 239. f. 5, 6) and to Catesby’s ‘ Natural History of Carolina’ (ii. p. 88, t. 88); but the locality given is North America. Linneus, in his ‘Museum Ulrice’ (p. 262), seems to have doubted the accuracy of his reference to Catesby; but in the twelfth edition of the ‘ Systema’ he recurs to his former opinion. Now, concerning Catesby’s figure there can be no doubt; and, coupled with the North-American habitat, it indicates precisely to which species the name D. plewippus should be referred. Sloane’s insect 1s undoubtedly another species, and is the same as that described by Mr. Bates (Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 33) as D. jamaicensis, from specimens obtained by us in Jamaica. Fabricius, who seems to have been the originator of all the confusion, misapplies Linneus’s name and renames the true D. plexippus D. archippus*, and gives it a wrong habitat. Mr. Kirby (Cat. p. 5) applies Linnzus’s name in a different sense altogether, for which we can see no justification. The synonymy of the species seems correctly given in Mr. Herman Strecker’s work ’. Central-American specimens, as a rule, agree closely with North-American ones in having the spots towards the apex of the anterior wings tawny instead of pure white. In Nicaragua, however, and further to the southward specimens approach more nearly to the race prevalent in the north-western portions of the southern continent, and have these spots whiter and the veins of both wings more strongly margined with black. These characters are very slight, and show a tendency to a certain type rather than a present existing definable feature; and therefore we are unwilling to separate them. Still the divergence seems to commence in Nicaragua, all specimens found to the north- ward belonging to the northern form, whilst those to the southward generally, but not universally, belong to the southern. D. erippus, Cr., from Brazil, is a fairly defined race, in which we trace a constant character in the inner margin of the anterior wings. This portion is never deep black, as in D. plexippus, but (especially in female examples) tawny red. Danais plexippus is extremely plentiful throughout Central America in all open sunny spots up to an elevation of 5000 or 6000 feet. Its flight is slow and somewhat laboured. DANAIS. 3 The rapid extension of the range of the North-American race of this butterfly, not only to Europe, but also to many islands of the South Pacific, to New Guinea, and Australia, has lately been traced by Mr. Distant (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 93). 2. Danais cleothera. Danais cleothera, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 185'; Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 12. f. 2”. Alig supra lateritio-fulvis parte basali et venis obscurioribus, marginibus externis late nigris, maculis albis serie duplici punctatis, cellule anticarum termino maculis tribus albis notato, maculis tribus quoque apicis basin transeuntibus: subtus ut supra, secundariis magis brunnescentibus et venis latioribus nigris. Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), Cordova (Kimmel) ; Guaremaa, Rio Motagua, Central valleys (F. D. G. & O. S.); Honpuras’, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely); Nicaracua, Virgin Bay (Bridges).— ANTILLES”; VENEZUELA’. Godart’s description of this species is not very intelligible; and as he gives the island of Timor as the locality where it is found’, there is room for error in assigning this name to an American Danais. We, however, follow Doubleday and Hewitson’s identi- fication of Godart’s species; and here we are on surer ground, as the excellent plate in the ‘Genera’ clearly represents this species*. It is readily distinguishable from the D. berenice by the absence of the inner row of large white spots between the median branches of the anterior wing. Its nearest ally is D. eresimus, Cr., of Guiana and the northern portions of the continent of South America. ‘The specimens attributed to this species in Messrs. Butler and Druce’s paper on Costa-Rica butterflies really belong to the following insect. The range of D. cleothera in Central America is pretty general; but as yet we have seen no specimens from any locality south of Nicaragua. Doubleday and Hewitson state that it occurs in Venezuela, Haiti, and Honduras. 3. Danais berenice. Papilio berenice, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 205. f. E, F’. Danais berenice, Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 106’. Danais strigosa, Bates, Ent. Monthly Mag. i. p. 32°, Distant, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. x’. Danais thersippus, Bates, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 243°. Danais cleothera, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 330 (nec Godt)*. D. cleothere quoad colores valde similis, alarum posticarum venis aliquando albo marginatis, anticis maculis tribus albis intra ramos medianos marginem externum versus notatis: subtus quoque D. cleothere similis, sed secundariarum cellule margine externo extus et intus albo maculato. Hab. Norra America!?.—MeExico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Vera Cruz (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob.), Cordova (Kiimeli); Guatemaua, Central valleys, Chuacus, Rio Motagua, Rio Polochic, Retalhuleu (F. D. G. & O. 82); Brivish Honpuras, Corosal (Howe); Nica- raaua, Virgin Bay (Bridges), Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica‘ (Van Patten*), Orosi (Kramer); Panama’, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—CvusBa; SoutH AMERICA to SOUTHERN BRAZIL. B2 4 RHOPALOCERA. It may be questioned whether this species is distinct from D. gilippus (Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 26. f. C, D), the patria of which is Rio Janeiro, whence we have several specimens, and others which we attribute to the same race from Ceard and Maranham, in Northern Brazil. As a rule, Central-American examples differ from these in the universal absence on the upper surface of white markings at the end of the cell of the secondary wings, whereas the nervures beneath are edged with white; but the development of these marks is by no means constant in Brazilian examples. ‘Thus, in default of other trust- worthy characters, it is not always easy to define certain Central-American specimens as distinct from others from Brazil. Central-American specimens come nearest to Cramer’s figures of his Papilio berenice’ ; but in many the nervules on the upper surface of the secondary wings are edged with grey to a variable extent; and upon this character Mr. Bates based his D. strigosa*. Though noticeable in very many examples, we do not consider this character sufficiently established to justify our retaining this name, seeing that we find some specimens without any such markings, together with others bearing them to a prominent extent. DD. thersippus°’, based upon a _ single male specimen from Panama, seems, by the light of other specimens from the same and neighbouring localities, to be an extreme individual variety of the more ordinary form. The deep dull reddish-brown colour which characterizes this specimen is repeated in another from Costa Rica almost to the same extent; and looking through our series we can trace almost every link between this specimen and the ordinary typical form. This widely ranging common species is found in abundance in all open sunny places up to an elevation of 5000 to 6000 feet. ITUNA. Ituna, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 118 (1847). Subccstal of primaries with one branch before the end of the cell; cell of the secondaries short and triangular; lower and middle discocellulars placed at a large acute angle to the submedian; no wart-like knob near the first median branch in either sex. The three species constituting this genus are spread over Central America and South America (except Guiana and the Lower Amazon) as far south as the Brazilian province of Rio Janeiro. tuna is a peculiarly neotropical genus, not passing to the northwards of Southern Mexico. All the species seem to affect mountainous districts, though J. phenarete has been taken in the Upper Amazon. In having tufts of hair at the extremity of the abdomen, and none on the costal region of the secondary wings, the relationship of /¢una to Lycorea and Danais is shown. ITUNA.—LYCOREA. 5) 1. Ituna lamirus. Heliconius lamirus, Latr. in Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. i. p. 126, t. 41. f. 7, 8 (1833) *; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 330°. Lycorea lamyra, Boisd. Lép. de Guat. p. 28°. Ituna albescens, Distant, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xi°. Alis primariis nigris, margine interno, et striga arcuata a basi ad angulum analem extensa, fulvis, striis tribus transversis subhyalinis, venis divisis, in dimidio apicali positis; posticis fulvis, costa et margine externo nigris, maculis indistinctis subhyalinis angulum apicalem versus notatis: subtus pallidior, maculis obscuris rufo tinctis, posticis medialiter albescentibus, margine externo maculis albis notato; primari- arum apicibus quoque albo notatis. Hab. Mexico, Mountains of Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuaTEMALA °, Rio Polochic, Chuacus (F. D. G. & O. S.); Costa Rica* (Carmiol, Van Patten”), Cache (Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—CoLoMBIA. Specimens from Colombia agree closely with the plate in Humboldt and Bonpland’s work', Central-American examples showing several points of slight variation. The light markings on the primary wings are broader and more confluent in northern specimens, and the secondaries are more uniformly suffused with fulvous, the central portion of the latter in southern examples being semidiaphanous. Were these points of distinction constant we should feel disposed to separate the Central-American specimens specifically from those of Colombia; but the former show that in Veraguan and Costa-Rican examples there is an indication of the pecu- liarities exhibited in Colombian ones, and we also see that the more northern the locality whence individuals have been procured the greater the density of the colouring of the secondary wings. Constant characters therefore fail whereby to distinguish these incomplete races; for this reason we are unable to admit Mr. Distant’s I. albescens* as a distinct species. Ituna lamirus, though widely distributed, is nowhere very abundant, being found in mountain-valleys about 2000 or 3000 feet above the sea. It appears to be absent from the low-lying land of Panama ; but, according to Dr. Boisduval, it is found in Nicaragua’, LYCOREA. Lycorea, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 105 (1847). Subcostal of primaries emitting two branches before the end of the cell. This genus, though nearly related to Danais, may easily be distinguished from it by the absence in the male of the peculiar patch on the submedian nervure of the secon- dary wings which distinguishes the members of the genus Danais, and by other cha- racters. In possessing tufts of hairs at the extremity of the abdomen, however, its close relationship to Danais is shown. 6 RHOPALOCERA. Doubleday placed the genus in the family Heliconiide; but this view is no longer tenable, as Mr. Bates’s researches have proved (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 517). The genus is a purely neotropical one. The Central-American representative has a wide range over the northern parts of South America. The definition of the members of the genus is by no means well marked, and some of the species may prove to be of merely nominal value. 1. Lycorea atergatis. Lycorea atergatis, Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 16. f. 1'; Boisd. Lép. de Guat. p. 27°; Butler & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 330°. Alis nigris, fasciis duabus longitudinalibus fulvis, una cellulari, altera venam medianam extus sequente, macula cellulari subquadrata, duabus inter ramos medianos lacrymiformibus et tribus subapicalibus ochraceis; secundariis stria discali alteraque submarginali fulvis, et margine nigro maculis albis notato: subtus ut supra, primariis maculis apicalibus albis notatis. Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova (Kiimeli); Guatemata, Duefias, Rio Mo- tagua, Choctum, Rio Polochic (Ff. D. G. & 0. S.); Honpuras’, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely); Nicaracua (Bridges, Janson, Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan)—VeEnNEZUELA; CoLomBia; Ecuapor; PEru; Upper AMAZON and MARANHAM. Though subject to slight variation, the members of this species found in particular districts are not, in our opinion, separable as distinct races. In specimens from Eastern Peru, the yellow spots. at the apical half of the anterior wing are reduced to five small ones (four of which constitute the subterminal row), and a narrow fulvous line between the first and second median branches. The normal yellow spot at the extremity of the cell is fulvous; and the lower band on the posterior wings is obsolete towards its inner end. These specimens show the most abnormal coloration of our series ; but others approach them, the chief variation consisting in the yellow spots between the second and third branches of the median nervure of the anterior wings being confluent or not. Its nearest ally appears to be L. halia, Hiibn., of Brazil, of which it is a northern race, the two being found together at Maranham. Another close ally, L. cleobwa (Gdt.), occurs in the island of Haiti. The Guiana forms, L. pasinuntia (Cr.) and L. ceres (Cr.), differ rather more decidedly in the distribution of the yellow markings of the anterior wings. Group ITHOMIINA. Males without anal tufts; basal joint of palpi long; front leg of female not club- shaped; secondary wings with one or more tufts of hair near the subcostal nervure *, * These tufts are usually only present in the male; but in Methona they exist in both sexes. OLYRAS. 7 A. Front leg of male with a well developed tibia and a tarsus always present. OLYRAS. Olyras, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 107 (1847). Femur of front legs of male longer than coxa, tibia and tarsus together longer than femur; subcostal pencil of hair of secondaries of male in a single patch, costa of secondaries abruptly arched, middle discocellular bent to an acute angle in the middle, where the recurrent nervule is emitted. This genus, though having a strong general resemblance to J¢twna, really belongs to the section of the Danainze which contains the genus /thomia and its allies—the secondary wings in the male having a costal tuft of hair, the abdominal tufts of Danais and its allies being absent. Five members at present constitute the genus, two of which are peculiar to Central America, one is common to Central America and Colombia; Venezuela and Ecuador have each a peculiar species. All the species seem to affect mountain-regions, some being found as high as 7000 or 8000 feet. 1. Olyras theon. (Tab. I. fig. 2.) Olyras theon, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. iii. p. 50°. Alis anticis fusco-nigris, stria longitudinali venam medianam occupante fulva, fasciis tribus subhyalinis arcuatis yenis divisis in dimidio apicali; posticis fulvis, extus nigro marginatis: subtus pallidior, alis ambabus margine externo albo punctulatis; posticarum costa nigra, maculis tribus magnis albis notata, area interna albicante. Hab. Mexico (Sallé, Mus. Brit.); Guatemaua (fF. D. G. & O. S.‘), San Gerdnimo, Rio Polochic (aque). This species was described by Mr. Bates from a single specimen obtained by us in Guatemala in 1862 ; unfortunately the record where we captured it was lost, and the specimen, from its likeness to [tuna lamirus, was for some time not recognized as distinct from that species. We have little doubt, however, that it was caught in the vicinity of San Gerdénimo, in the department of Vera Paz, Guatemala, where we made considerable collections, and whence Mr. Hague subsequently transmitted more examples. The same gentleman’s collectors in the valley of the Rio Polochic also met with it. The Mexican specimen in the British Museum, obtained by M. Sallé was doubtless from the southern and more tropical portion of the Republic. Our figure is taken from a male specimen captured by Mr. Hague near San Geronimo. 2. Olyras montagui. Olyras montagui, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 490'; Lep. Ex. p. 138, t. 50. f. 17; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 331°. 8 RHOPALOCERA. O. theoni similis, sed alis anticis nigricantioribus fasciis in dimidio apicali clarioribus, stria vena mediane fere obsoleta ; posticis medialiter rufescentioribus, fascia mediana irregulariter hyalina: subtus maculis posti- carum costalibus duabus albis. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten*), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé).—CoLomBIa (Mus. Brit.*). The original specimen, now in the British Museum, described and figured by Mr. Butler, is said to have been obtained in Colombia. This example has a semitrans- lucent patch on the secondary wings, which is hardly shown in our Central-American examples. These, on the other hand, have indications of a fulvous streak along the region of the median nervure of the primaries not observable in the original O. montagui; on the underside there is a single large white spot near the costal margin of the secondary wings a little beyond the cell. 8. Olyras insignis. (Tab. I. fig. 1.) Olyras insignis, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iv. p. 163°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 331’. Alis anticis nigris, maculis duabus discalibus, duabus elongatis angulum analem versus et apicibus interne (venis divisis) flavo-hyalinis ; posticis flavo-hyalinis nigro late marginatis, margine nigro angulum analem versus rufo notato: subtus margine externo albo-punctato, macula unica costali alba. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Calobre (Arcé'). This well-marked species differs from all its congeners, except, perhaps, O. trans- lucens of Ecuador, in having the intervals between the dark markings of the wings transparent, with only a tinge of yellow suffused over them. It was originally described from a single specimen obtained near Calobre in the State of Panama; but other specimens have since been secured. It appears to be more abundant in Costa Rica. Our figure represents the type specimen. EUTRESIS. Eutresis, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 111 (1847). Femur of front leg longer than coxa; tibia and tarsus together longer than femur ; subcostal pencil of hair of secondaries in a single patch; costa of secondaries uniformly curved; middle discocellular straight; recurrent nervule emitted from lower discocellular near the origin of the lower radial. This small genus, comprising four species, has much the same range as Olyras, but in Central America does not spread north of Costa Rica. Of the species in South America, one, the type (E. hyperia), is confined to Venezuela; a second, &. hyspa, is EUTRESIS.—TITHOREA. 9 found in the mountainous parts of Eastern Ecuador; while the last, EF. imutatriz, originally obtained in Eastern Peru, extends its range into South-eastern Ecuador. These four species are all very closely allied to one another ; but the differences seem strictly associated with the areas where the insects are found. 1. Kutresis theope. (Tab. I. fig. 3.) Eutresis theope, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 60°. Eutresis hyperia, Staud. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1875, p. 96 (nec Doubl.)’. Alis anticis fusco-nigris, area interna hyalina, venis et linea irregulari submarginali divisa, macula triangulari discali fusca, area ven mediane fulva; posticis fulvis fusco marginatis area interiore hyalina, venis fulvis divisa: subtus velut supra, anticarum apicibus et posticarum marginibus albo punctatis. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten), Ivazu (Rogers!) ; Panama, Chiriqui (2¢bde?). Though several specimens of this species were contained in Van Patten’s Costa-Rica collection, described by Messrs. Butler and Druce (P. Z.S. 1874, p. 330), no mention of it is made in their paper. Dr. Staudinger refers to it as having been obtained by Ribbe in the vicinity of Chiriqui, when describing E. imitatriz. A fair series of specimens, including all four species, enabled us to discriminate E. theope from the Venezuelan E. hyperia; and subsequent examination of a still larger series has tended to show that the characters we pointed out are constant. Our figure is taken from one of Van Patten’s Costa-Rica specimens. TITHOREA. Tithorea, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 99 (1847). Femur of front legs of male longer than the coxa, tibia and tarsus together longer than the femur ; pencil of hair on costal area of secondaries in two patches. In addition to these characters, Tithorea may be easily recognized by its triangular primaries and pointed apex. The secondaries are also very round. The front legs of the female seem to be more nearly perfect than in any genus of this group; in one specimen we examined the claws were well developed, and, except for the smallness of their size, these legs were in no way atrophied. The genus has a wide range in tropical America, being absent, however, from South-eastern Brazil. Some of the most re- markable of the species are found in Colombia; and nearly all, including the most aberrent in coloration, are imitated by species of Heliconius found with them. Five species occur in Guatemala belonging to two forms, one of which is represented by two, the other by three races. 1. Tithorea duenna. (Tab. II. fig. 7.) Tithorea duenna, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 56). BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. C 10 RHOPALOCERA. Alis anticis nigris, maculis duodecim flavis in dimidio apicali irregulariter positis, regione vens mediante fulvo notata; posticis ferrugineis nigro-marginatis, striaque transversa ab angulo apicali marginem internum versus transeunte nigra, ciliis alarum albo maculatis : subtus ut supra sed dilutiore, alis marginibus maculis duplicibus albis notatis ; antennis nigris ; prothorace rufo. Hab. Mexico (Sallé); Guarema.a, Duefias (F. D. G. & 0.8."), Polochic valley (Hague). This species seems restricted in its range to Southern Mexico and Guatemala, its place being taken by 7. pinthias in the more southern parts of Central America. Though not common at Duefias, where we first met with it, it would appear to be abundant in the valley of the Polochic in Vera Paz, whence Mr. Hague has sent us many specimens. It hasa considerable range in altitude, as we took specimens in the woods near Duefias as high as 5000 feet above the sea. Our figure is taken from one of the types (female) caught near Duefias. 9. Tithorea pinthias. (Tab. II. fig. 8.) Tithorea tarricina, Bates, P.Z.S. 1863, p. 243 (nec Hew.)’. Tithorea duenna, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 335 (nec Bates)’. Tithorea pinthias, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, ii. p. 259°. T. duenne affinis, sed alarum anticarum stria longitudinali fulva et posticarum stria transversa nigra caret ; prothorace nigro nec rufo quoque distinguenda. Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt®); Costa Rica (Van Patten”), Caché (Rogers?) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe), Calobre (Arcé?), Lion Hill (M:Leannan'). This form entirely replaces 7. duenna in Central America between Nicaragua and Panama, being common everywhere, except perhaps at Panama, whence but few examples have reached us. Both T. pinthias and T. duenna belong to a small group of Tithorea consisting of four species, T. tarricina and T. hecalesina being the other two. The latter are found in Colombia, and are distinguished by the extent of yellow shown on the secondary wings, 7’. hecalesina having a large amount of this colour. At least three species of Heliconius have the pattern of three corresponding species of Tithorea of this group. Heliconius octavia is found with Tithorea duenna in Guatemala, H. formosus with T. pinthias in Costa Rica and the countries adjoining, and HT. hecalesia with T. hecale- sina in Colombia. The peculiarities of each Tithorea are shown by each Heliconius in the respective countries in which they are found with great precision. The specimen figured is a female from Calobre, Panama. 3. Tithorea helicaon, n. sp. Tithorea irene, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 335 (nec Drury)’. L. irene affinis, sed alis anticis maculis flavis majoribus, cellula anticarum ad basin et regione vene medians TITHOREA. 11 lineis fulvis bene notatis, margine posticarum angustiore nigro et maculis extra cellulam nigris absentibus dignoscenda. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten"). Of this race we have four examples, all agreeing so closely with one another that we have little doubt that they represent the prevalent form of 7. irene found in Costa Rica. 4. Tithorea hippothous, n. sp. (TZ. irene, Tab. II. fig. 9.) TL. irene affinis, sed alis anticis ut in 7. helicaone diversa; posticis sicut in 7. irene, et ab T. helicaone sic differt. Hab. GuaTemata, San Gerénimo (Hague); San Satvapor (Mus. Staudinger). A single male specimen from Guatemala is in our possession, having been sent us by Mr. Hague from the neighbourhood of San Gerdénimo. We have also seen examples from San Salvador, lent us by Dr. Staudinger; and from one of these our figure is taken. In these the secondaries have a more fully developed black band than in the Guatemalan specimen; but they do not otherwise differ in any important character. 5. Tithorea irene. (Tab. II. fig. 10.) Papilio irene, Drury, Tl. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 38. f. 1. Tihorea umbratilis, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. iii. p. 86°. @. Alis anticis nigris, maculis tredecim flavis in dimidio apicali positis, una irregulari ad cellule finem (cum altera minuta extra cellulam vix disjuncta), quatuor linea arcuata ultra eam, quatuor linea obliqua sub- apicali et tribus submarginalibus ad angulum analem; posticis fulvis nigro marginatis et maculis duabus extra cellulam nigris notatis: subtus ut supra, sed posticarum costa fulva marginibusque externis albo punctulatis: antennis flavis ad basin nigris. Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (12 Leannan?). Drury states that he received his Papilio irene from Jamaica!; and a like origin is given for the three other butterflies figured on the same plate. As all these other species have been found on the mainland of South America in the neighbourhood of the isthmus of Panama, and as none of them are known as inhabitants of Jamaica, we are probably justified in considering Panama as the probable origin of 7. irene. This view is supported by the fact that the insect which agrees best with Drury’s figure is a single female example from Panama, which Mr. Bates described as 7. um- bratilis®. The only traceable difference is in the indications of rufous marks at the base of the primaries of Drury’s figure, and the presence of yellowish spots near the apex of the secondaries, variations perhaps to be attributed to a difference of sex between our specimen and that figured by Drury, the latter being a male. T. tar- ricina, Hew. (Ex. Butl. Tith. & Hel. t. iv. f. 1), has a close resemblance to T. irene; but c2 12 RHOPALOCERA. the wings being less elongated, and the yellow spots at the apex of the secondaries well defined, show a stronger relationship to 7. hecalesina, Felder, and its allies. We have been for a long time disposed to consider the more northern representa- tives of 7. irene as incomplete races of that insect; but a further examination of the subject with additional materials reveals the fact that an apparently well-marked race inhabits Costa Rica, and another Guatemala and San Salvador. These we have described above under distinct names, and given their differential characters. We are at the same time aware that the subject of the variation of the 7. harmonia group of this genus is by no means well worked out; but we think that whatever course is taken with the various forms of the southern butterfly, 7. irene will be kept distinct from 7. harmonia. We have figured the type of T. umbratilis from Panama. MELINA. Melinea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 11 (1816), partim; Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. p. 549 (1862). Femur of front legs of male half the length of the coxa, tibia and tarsus together not longer than the femur; pencil of hair on costal area of secondaries in two patches. Mr. Bates was the first to define the proper limits of the genus Melinwa, which by all previous writers and by some subsequent ones has been confounded with Mechanitis, from which it differs in several important particulars, to which attention is drawn in Mr. Bates’s paper. The number of known species of the genus is about thirty, which are distributed over the whole of the tropical portions of the South-American con- tinent, the greater number of species being found throughout the region of the Upper Amazon and eastern slopes.of the Andes. Four species are included within our limits, one of which, however, is barely of specific value. 1. Melingzea scylax. (Tab. II. fig. 12.) Melinea scylax, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vil. p. 412°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 335°. Melinea ribbei, Weym. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1875, p. 379, t. 2. f. 4°; Staud. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, Xxv. p. 97°. Alarum anticarum dimidio apicali nigro, fascia obliqua, maculis tribus apicalibus et una in angulo anali flavis, dimidio basali fulvo, macula discali nigra; posticis fulvis margine externo anguste nigro: subtus pagina superiore concolori, posticarum basi flava. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé', Ribbe?, Zahn). Of this distinct species specimens were first sent us from the neighbourhood of Chiriqui, about the year 1870, both by Arcé and Zahn; and from the same district Herr Ribbe appears to have found it in ‘some abundance a few years later®4, Specimens were contained in Van Patten’s collection from Costa Rica”, which country seems to be the northern limit of the range of this species. Its most obvious MELINZEA. 13 distinction from MW. imitata is the absence of the median band on the secondaries of that species. The Heliconius having a similar pattern to M. scylax is H. clarescens, Butl. We have figured the type specimen, a male, taken near Chiriqui. 2. Melinza parallelis, Melinea parallelis, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 155°. Alis anticis nigris, basi fulvis, fasciis quatuor maculis albis compositis in dimidio apicali, proxima per cellulam ad angulum analem transeunte, ultima apicem occupante; posticis fulvis, margine externo et fascia lata mediana nigris : subtus ut supra, margine posticarum albo maculato et fascia subcostali (fasciee longitudinali conjuncta) nigra. Hab. Panama’, Chiriqui, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (2Leannan). A close ally of M. messatis (Hew.), but differing in the black band of the secondaries passing completely across the wings, in MM. messatis this band being incomplete and not reaching the abdominal margin. Mr. Butler’s description was taken from a duplicate from one of M*‘Leannan’s collections. The Heliconius corresponding in colour to M. parallelis is H. fasciatus, nob. 3. Melina lilis. Mechanitis lilis, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. t. 17. f. 4°. Alis anticis nigris dimidio basali (nisi margine interno et maculis duabus una discali, altera inter ramos medianos primum et secundum, fulvis), dimidio apicali fasciis duabus flavis fulvo marginatis, una extra cellulam obliqua, altera apicali ex maculis quatuor composita; posticis fulvis, margine externo et fascia mediana nigris: subtus ut supra marginibus externis albo maculatis; posticis fascia subcostali nigra fasciw longitudinali conjuncta. Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan); VENEZUELA’. A single specimen from the Panama railway has the characteristics of this Venezuelan form, which here appears probably at the limit of its range in this direction. There is apparently a gap in the Isthmus where no Melinwa of this form is found, as none have reached us from any point between the Panama railway and Costa Rica, the gap being filled by M. scylax. This, perhaps, is an additional argument in favour of WZ. imitata being a distinct species. 4. Melinewa imitata. (Tab. II. fig. 11.) Melinea imitata, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 55°. Melinea tachypetis, Feld. Reise d. Nov., Lep. p. 355’. Melinea lilis, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 334 (nec Doubl.) ’. M. lili valde similis, sed macula alarum anticarum discali et macula intra ramos medianos primum et secundum conjunctis fasciam indivisam constituentibus, marginibus quoque fulvis fasciarum anticarum apicalium flavarum absentibus. Hab. Mexico? (Sallé, Doubl. & Hew.), Mts. Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuatTema.a, Retal- huleu, Polochic valley (O. S. & F. D. G.'); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten*, Rogers). 14 RHOPALOCERA. Mr. Bates, in describing this species from specimens obtained by us in Guatemala in 1862, compared it with Melinwa messatis, Hew.; but its nearest ally is undoubtedly M. lilis, Doubl. & Hew., to which Messrs. Butler and Druce referred it?. So close is it to that species that its difference from it may well be questioned. The most noticeable points of distinction consist in the inner of the two bands of yellow spots on the primaries being purer in colour instead of tinged with tawny as in U/. lilis. The discocellular dark band of the primaries runs between the first and second median branches uninterruptedly, and in many cases is joined to the black of the outer margin. In UM. lilis this band is almost always broken up into spots. ‘These differences assume a higher value than at first appears, seeing that they are found also to some extent in Heliconit inhabiting the same localities (H. metalilis, Butl., of Venezuela, and H. telchinia, Doubl., of Central America). Mexican specimens of MW. imitata were described by Dr. Felder as M. tachypetis; but an example from Oaxaca differs in no way from our Guatemalan types, with which also Costa-Rican specimens agree. In Guatemala this species appears restricted to the hot forests of the lowlands; none of our specimens were obtained at a higher elevation than a thousand feet. We have figured one of the types, a male, from the valley of the Rio Polochic. B. Tibia of front leg of male reduced to a knob at the end of the femur ; tarsus either altogether absent, or barely distinguishable at the end of the tibial knob. a. Femur of front leg of male much shorter than the coxa. SCADA. Mechanitis, section Oleria, Hiibn., Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. p. 529. Scada, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 23 (1871). Terminal joint of palpi almost obsolete; costal and subcostal nervures of secondaries of male close together ; lower radial directed forwards. The members of this small genus were placed by Mr. Bates as a section of the genus Mechanitis, with which no doubt they have considerable affinity. ‘he section, however, seems sufficiently definite to admit of being treated as a separate genus; and as such it was placed by Mr. Kirby. As Mr. Bates did not employ Oleria in a generic sense, and as Oleria of Hiibner contains none of these insects, Mr. Kirby was, we think, justified in proposing the new name Scada for them. The genus consists of about ten species, distributed over the greater part of Tropical America from Brazil to Costa Rica. 1. Scada xanthina. (Tab. III. fig. 2.) Ithomia (Oleria) xanthina, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. ili. p. 52°. Scada xanthina, Kirby, Cat. p. 23°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 334°. SCADA.—AERIA. 15 Alis flavis subhyalinis, marginibus (punctis albis notatis) et fascia obliqua cellule terminum transeunte nigris ; subtus velut supra sed paulo pallidior. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten*), Irazu (Rogers); Panama?, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (d‘Leannan'). Mr. Bates in his original description compares this species with the Brazilian S. gazoria (Godt.), and with S. zemira (Hew.), of Ecuador ; but its nearest ally seems to us to be S. zibia (Hew.), of Ecuador, from which it differs in the greater extent and brighter colour of the yellow of both wings. Its range seems restricted to the isthmus of Central America between Costa Rica and Panama. Colombian and Venezuelan examples of this form, though certainly very similar to S. xanthina, approach more nearly to the Ecuadorean S. zibia. The original types of this species were sent us by the late James M‘Leannan from his station on the Panama Railway, Lion Hill; but we have figured a male from Calobre in better condition. AERIA. Aeria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 9 (1816). Ithomia, section 3, Aeria, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 126. Terminal joint of palpi small; costal and subcostal nervures of secondaries of male wider apart than in Scada; lower discocellular directed backwards. This small section has similar front legs to Scada, and therein differs from all other [thomiew except Sats. There are about four or five species of this form, which seem subject to certain local variations. They are found from Brazil to Guatemala. 1. Aeria agna,n. sp. (Ithomia eurimedia. Tab. III. fig. 12.) Ithomia agna, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 127 (deser. nulla)’. Scada? eurimedia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 334 (nec Cramer) ”. Alis nigris, anticis fascia subtriangulari a basi per cellulam fere ad angulum analem extensa et altera obliqua subapicali citrinis; posticis fascia eodem colore longitudinali alam mediam occupante; prothorace et alarum tectricibus rufis: subtus sicut supra sed margine alarum externo punctis albis ornato. Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe, Mus. Staudinger), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (J/*Leannan).—Cotompia ; VENEZUELA}. A close ally of A. ewrimedia (Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 126. figs. C, D), but differing from that species in the brighter colour of the citron marks of the wings, in the narrower median citron band of the secondaries, and in the absence beneath of the rufous marks in the black submarginal borders of both wings. It is a common species on the Isthmus of Panama, and thence northwards as far as Nicaragua. In Guatemala its place is taken by A. pacifica, which differs from it in having rufous marks in the black 16 RHOPALOCERA. margin of the secondaries beneath, just as in A. ewrimedia. Southward of the Isthmus precisely similar specimens occur in Colombia, where, however, it is probably found only on the northern coast, in the great valley of the Magdalena and in Venezuela. Its presence in the latter country enables us to bestow upon it the name proposed by Doubleday for it more than thirty years ago 1. We have figured a male from Panama. 9. Aeria pacifica, n. sp. (Ithomia eurimedia. Tab. III. figg. 10, 11.) A, agne simillima, sed alarum marginibus nigris, subtus medialiter rufo notatis. Hab. Guatemaa, Quirigua, Polochic valley, Retalhuleu (/. D. G. & O. S.). In arranging our coilections after our return from Central America in 1863, Mr. Bates distinguished this insect as a variety of A. ewrimedia under the above name. Since then the receipt of additional specimens of it, and also of the more southern race, leads us to believe that the brighter citron colour of the markings of the wings, and the narrowness of the median band of the secondaries, are constant characters by which it may be distinguished from A. ewrimedia, and that the rufous marks in the black margins of the secondaries beneath distinguish it without fail from its near neighbour A. agna. We found this species common in September in the forest in which the Indian ruins of Quirigua are situated; but it was still more abundant in the same month in the cocoa-plantations in the outskirts of the village of Retalhuleu, which lies on the Pacific side of the Cordillera, at the foot of the mountains, about 900 feet above the ocean. Our figure is taken from a male specimen captured in the valley of the Rio Polochic below the village of Tucuru. b. Femur of front leg of male as long as or longer than the coxa. THYRIDIA. Thyridia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 9 (1816); Zutr. ex. Schmett. ff. 163, 164 (1818) ; Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 117 (1847). Aprotopos, Kirby, Cat. p. 19. Tarsus of female with four joints; a pair of spurs on the third joint only. Great difficulty surrounds the correct application of this name. Hubner, in first’ introducing it, associated together 7’. themisto, Hibn., Papilio psidii, Linn., and P. alione, Cr. T. themisto Hiibner figured in his ‘ Zutrage;’ the figure, as usual, is so good that no doubt whatever exists as to what species he represented. ‘This species was after- wards selected by Doubleday and Hewitson as the type and only representative of the THYRIDIA. — 17 genus Methona. Papilio ilione of Cramer, about which also there is no uncertainty, became a member of the genus /éuna. The sole representative left in Hiibner’s genus is Papilio psidi of Linneus. It remains to determine what this species is. Writers have usually been content to take Cramer’s interpretation of the Linnean name; but to get at a correct conclusion Linnzus alone must be his own interpreter. Turning to the ‘Museum Ludovice Ulrice,’ we find a reference to Madam Merian’s ‘Insects of Surinam’ (t. 19); and this we consider to give the best clue to what the Linnean species was. It will be observed in this figure that the secondaries possess a submarginal row of white spots, pointing exclusively to the insect usually known as Thyridia ino, Feld. Hence the type of Thyridia is T. ino (= Papilio psidit of Linnzus). Cramer’s figure, as Mr. Bates justly says, appears to us to represent a Methona, not- withstanding the opinion of Messrs. Butler and Druce to the contrary; but we disagree with Mr. Bates in considering it to be the Linnean species. If Mr. Bates’s view were correct, Thyridia themisto, Hiibn., and P. psidii, Linn., would be congeneric, and should both be placed in the genus Thyridia, Hiibn., including Methona of Doubleday and Hewitson asa synonym. <A new generic name would thus become necessary for Thyridia edesia and its allies. This is Mr. Kirby’s view, who proposed the name Aprotopos to supply the want. By keeping P. psidiz, Linn., in the genus Thyridia this difficulty is obviated. The conclusions we come to are practically the same as those arrived at by Messrs. Butler and Druce, though our reasons are not identical. Thyridia, as thus interpreted, has a wide range in tropical America, extending from Southern Brazil as far north as Nicaragua. Four species are included within this area, only one of which occurs in Central America. 1. Thyridia melantho. (Tab. I. fig. 4.) Thyridia melantho, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 50 (1866)'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 331%. Aprotopos melantho, Kirby, Cat. p. 20°. Alis anticis nigris, maculis duabus intra cellulam, proxima indistincta, macula subapicali venis divisa, altera submarginali subrotunda inter ramos medianos secundum et tertium et una subquadrata ad angulum analem ochraceis; posticis fulvis nigro marginatis, puncto ad terminum cellule nigro: subtus, velut supra, margine serie punctorum minutorum alborum notato. Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, Zahn), Lion-Hill station (J/‘Leannan’). This species was originally described from a single specimen sent us by the late James M‘Leannan from his station on the Panama railway. As no other example has reached us from the same locality, it would appear that this point is probably near the southern limit of the range of the species. None of Arcé’s collections formed in the vicinity of Santiago de Veraguas contained examples; but numerous specimens have been sent from the Pacific slope of the Volcano of Chiriqui; and from this BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. D 18 RHOPALOCERA. district northwards to Chontales, in Nicaragua, Thyridia melantho must certainly be very abundant. A little variation exists between individuals of this species: in some examples the proximal discocellular spot of the primaries is almost obsolete; in others the distal spot is scarcely visible, the whole basal half of the wing being nearly uniform black ; in one specimen from Chiriqui the black apical angle of the secondaries embraces the black spot at the end of the cell. The nearest ally to Z. melantho is undoubtedly T. edesia, which takes its place in the northern portion of the southern continent, being abundant in the neighbourhood of Santa Marta and the western provinces of Venezuela. . Our figure is taken from the type specimen (a male) sent us from Panama. MECHANITIS. Mechanitis, Fabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 284 (1807) ; Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 128; Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxtil. p. 528. Tarsus of front legs of female with four joints, a pair of spurs on each of the second and third joints; primaries with recurrent nervule on lower discocellular; secondaries with recurrent nervule on middle discocellular; costal nervure of secondaries of female anastomosing with subcostal about the middle of the costal margin of the cell; cell of secondaries not extending nearly to the apical angle. Five tolerably well-marked races of this genus are found in Central America, all of which have received names; but an examination of a large series of these insects, we think, shows that, though in certain districts particular forms prevail, specimens are not wanting tending to link most if not all of them together. In fact we find that the representatives of Mechanitis in Central America present the same features as regards their variation as those possessed by the insects found in the valley of the Amazons, so fully discussed by Mr. Bates in his paper in the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society.’ The geographical distribution of these different races in Centra] America is an instance of how races may be nearly, but not absolutely, confined to particular localities. M. doryssus, by far the most widely distributed of them all, attains its maximum development in Guatemala, where it is most abundant. It is found in Mexico, where it is the sole representative of the genus; towards the isthmus of Panama it becomes quite rare, its place being taken by J. macrinus. It then reappears in a slightly modified form in the northern portions of South America. M. lycidice is also abundant in Guatemala, but becomes rare in the southern portions of the isthmus, its place being taken by MV. isthmia, a race from which it is but imperfectly segregated, an almost complete series of intermediate steps being found to connect the extreme forms. The well-marked yellow cross band seen in many indivi- MECHANITIS. 19 duals of M. lycidice shows its relationship to M. lysimnia, a species inhabiting the eastern coasts of South Brazil, and is thus an instance of the similarity to be traced in races and species found inhabiting these widely-separated localities. M. isthmia is rarely found beyond the isthmus of Panama and as far north as Costa Rica; we have, however, a single specimen of J. lycidice, from Guatemala, picked out of hundreds of the common form of that species, which has several characteristics of MM. isthmia. M. labotas appears to be confined to Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua, no speci- mens from elsewhere having as yet come under our notice. M. macrinus, though as common in the State of Panama as in Colombia, does not spread northward of Costa Rica. 1. Mechanitis lycidice. (Tab. I. figg. 7, 8.) Mechanitis lycidice, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 33°. Mechanitis doryssa, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 31 (nec Bates)’. Mechanitis isthmia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 334 (partim)*. Mechanitis ovata, Dist. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xi’. Sexus quoad colores fere similes ; alarum anticarum dimidio basali fulvo; posticarum margine anguste nigro, macula intra ramos medianos primum et secundum cum nigro alarum anticarum apicum confluente; anticarum dimidio distali nigro, maculis aut fasciis flavis trifasciato, fascia harum interna valde distincta ; posticis fulvis fascia una longitudinali flava, altcra nigra. Hab. Guatemata, Retalhuleu, Duefias, Motagua valley, Chuacus, Chisoy valley, Polochic valley (S. & G.1 and H. Hague); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely); Nicaracua' (Bridges), Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten®*, Carmiol), Caché, Trazu (Hf. Rogers). In this race the extent of black on the primaries is variable, some specimens showing almost the dark colour of WM. isthmia; the black band of the secondaries in the females varies considerably, in some being well defined, in others evanescent and reduced to a rudimentary band at the apical angle. The extent of the yellow band on the secon- daries is also very variable, in some specimens being well defined, in others altogether wanting. In Guatemala, though individuals showing considerable variation are not wanting, this race has more constant characters than in Nicaragua and Costa Rica; here we find the influence producing J. zsthmia becomes very apparent, and it would not be difficult to arrange a complete series of specimens connecting M. lycidice with the more southern race. To one of these intermediate forms Mr. Distant applied the name JZ. ovatat; but we do not see how its distinctness as a race can be maintained. We have no specimens from the southern continent agreeing accurately with J. lycidice; but two examples from Chanchamayo in Peru are certainly very closely allied. Dr. Boisduval?, under the name Jf. doryssa, evidently describes this species. He gives Mexico as one of its habitats: it very probably occurs there; but we have seen no D2 20 RHOPALOCERA. specimens confirming his statement. We found this species usually associated with M. doryssus in Guatemala, near Duefias (alt. 5000 ft.); both were very common in open woods, where they might be seen nearly the whole day flying a few feet from the ground. Our figures and descriptions are taken from typical specimens; the male was captured at Choacus in the valley of the Motagua, the female in the valley of the Polochic. 2. Mechanitis isthmia. (MV. isthmicus, Tab. I. figg. 11, 12.) Mechanitis isthmia, Bates, P. Z. S. 1868, t. 29. f. 1°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 334? (partim). Sexus paulo dissimiles quoad fasciam posticarum longitudinalem nigram; alis anticis nigris macula basali fulva, fascia interna flava fere obsoleta; posticis fulvis fascia longitudinali nigra in mare bene distincta, in femina obsoleta aut omnino absente, posticarum margine anguste nigro. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten)?, Irazu, Caché (ZH. Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui, Calobre (Arcé), Line of railway (M‘Leannan)!. In some specimens of this race the yellow spot at the end of the cell of the primaries is absent ; in others it is ill defined; and in a few it is distinctly shown. The black longitudinal band on the secondaries of the females varies much, in some examples appearing as an incipient band at the apical angle; in others it is wanting altogether. This race is very abundant throughout the State of Panama, where its characters are fairly constant. In Costa Rica individuals are not wanting agreeing accurately with Panama specimens ; with these, however, are a larger proportion of examples which vary in the direction of the more northern race, MW. lycidice. From Guatemala we have a female specimen which has the dark primaries so characteristic of JZ. isthmia; but the secondaries have a well-defined longitudinal band, as in many examples of M. lycidice. ‘This is one selected from hundreds of the Guatemalan form, to which undoubtedly it must be considered to belong ; it shows, however, a tendency to assume the colour-pattern of a race geographically far removed from it, and proves that, though races are fairly constant in their respective areas, they are by no means absolutely so. Our figures and descriptions are taken from Panama specimens, whence the types were procured. | A form, closely allied to M. tsthmia, was described by Mr. Reakirt in 1865 as I. californica, from specimens sent him from Los Angeles in California (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. p. 223). The appearance of Mechanitis so far north is remarkable; and a con- firmation of its presence in California would be acceptable, as the record of the occurrence of another Panama species, [thomia panamensis, in the same paper, prompts the suggestion that some mistake may have been made in the locality assigned to them. -MECHANITIS. 21 3. Mechanitis doryssus. (Tab. I. figg. 9, 10, & Tab. IV. fig. 2.) Mechanitis doryssus, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 33'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 334”. Mechanitis utemaia, Reak. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 241°. Sexus fere similes; alarum anticarum fascia interna transversa fulva, prope costam tantum flava, fascia media et apicali flavis, fulvo interdum marginatis, macula intra ramos medianos primum et secundum bene distincta, posticarum margine late nigro. Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio); Guatemaua, Retalhuleu, Duefas, Chuacus, San Gerénimo, Chisoy valley, and Polochic valley (F. D. G. & O. S.1); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely); Nicaragua (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten”), Irazu, Caché (H. Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé). In the northern portion of South America, Colombia, and Venezuela this species is represented by a very closely allied race, if, indeed it really differs; it has, however, been separated by Mr. Butler under the name of UM. veritabilis. In Costa Rica and Panama a large dark-coloured race not unfrequently occurs, a specimen of which we have figured on Plate IV. fig. 2. In it the light markings of the primaries are narrowed and the black colour extended; the tawny colour of both wings is of a deeper tint. These dark individuals, though common in the above districts, are not restricted to them; for we possess a Guatemalan specimen (a male), and a female Mexican example, which approach them very closely in intensity of colour as well as size. Our Honduras specimen is a male, doubtless that of M. utemaia, Reak.? It agrees with Guatemalan examples of M. doryssus; and we believe it to belong to that species. In Guatemala we found this Mechanitis in the woods near Duefas, where it was exceedingly abundant. Our figures and descriptions are taken from some of our original Guatemalan specimens; the male was captured at San Gerdnimo, the female in the valley of the Polochic. 4. Mechanitis labotas. (Tab. IV. fig. 1.) Mechanitis labotas, Distant, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xii’. Mechanitis doryssus, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 334 (partim)’. Sexus paulo dissimiles, quoad alarum posticarum fasciam longitudinalem nigram ; anticarum fascia interna transversa fulva, prope costam tantum flava, fascia media et apicali flavis, fulvo interdum marginatis, macula intra ramos medianos primum et secundum valde distincta; posticarum fascia longitudinali nigra in mare valde distincta, in femina obsoleta. Hab. Nicaracua (Belt); Costa Rica (Gabb!, Van Patten®); Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn), Calobre (Arcé), Line of railway (Jf‘Leannan). The only character by which this race can be distinguished from its very near ally M. doryssus is the absence in the female of a continuous black band in the secondaries, 22 RHOPALOCERA. which is only shown in some specimens in a rudimentary state near the apical angle; in others it is absent altogether. Finding only females of this form in Costa Rica, we were for some time uncertain what the male was like; but on further consideration it became evident that the lighter-coloured specimens from Costa Rica, previously assigned to M. doryssus, were really the males of MU. labotas. It seems to be a race as distinct in its characters as the others we here treat of; and as such we admit it. The specimens described and the female figured are from Costa Rica. 5. Mechanitis macrinus. (Tab. I. figg. 5, 6.) Mechanitis macrinus, Hew. Exot. Butt., Mechan. t.iii.f. 11°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 334°. Sexus paulo dissimiles, quoad alarum posticarum fasciam longitudinalem nigram ; alis anticis fascia lata per cellulam transeunte flava, fascia media obsoleta aut omnino absente, macula intra ramos medianos primum et secundum sexpe absente; posticarum margine late nigro, fascia longitudinali nigra in mare valde distincta, in femina obsoleta. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Line of railway (J‘Leannan). —Co.tompBia!; Ecuapor; VENEZUELA. The extent of the yellow cross band of the primaries is subject to variation, in some specimens being fairly defined, in others almost wanting, and in a few quite absent. This isa common species in the northern part of South America, and appears equally common on the line of the Panama Railway; from there its numbers appear to diminish, as from Costa Rica but few examples have come under our notice. Dr. Boisduval (Lép. Guat. p. 31) includes this species in his list of Nicaraguan Butterflies ; but we have no corroborative evidence that it is found in that country. Our figures and descriptions are taken from Panama specimens, the male from Calobre, the female from the line of railway. CERATINIA. Ceratinia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 10 (1816). Ithomia, section iv. Ceratinia, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. 1. p. 127. Ceratinia, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 528. Tarsus of front leg of female with four joints, a pair of spurs on each of the second and third joints; primaries with recurrent nervule on upper discocellular ; secondaries with recurrent nervule on lower discocellular; costal nervure of secondaries of female normal ; cell of secondaries extending nearly to the apical angle: , This genus comprehends a number of species found throughout tropical America. Of these, seven come within our limits, most of them, however, from the more southern districts, as we have as yet seen but a single species of Ceratinia from Guatemala and none from Mexico. CERATINIA. 23 1. Ceratinia decumana, sp. n. (Tab. IV. fig. 3.) Napeogenes excelsa, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 8384 (nec Feld.)’. Ceratinia excelsa, var., Dewitz, Mitth. miinch. ent. Ver. 1877, p. 87. Alis anticis nigris, macula obliqua subquadrata per cellulam, fasciola subapicali venis divisa, duabus majoribus infra eam, et octo in margine externo seriatim positis flavido-hyalinis ; posticis ferrugineis, limbo apicali nigro albo punctato, area venee mediane maris (nec feminis) obsolete pellucida: subtus sicut supra, area interna posticarum albicante. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten), Trazu, Caché, Rio Sucio, San Francisco (Rogers) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, Ribbe), Calobre (Arce). This species is undoubtedly very nearly allied to Mapeogenes excelsa, Felder, from Colombia, which is admirably figured in the ‘Voyage of the Novara’ (Lep. t. 44. f. 13, 3); but having now seen a large number of specimens both from Colombia and Central America, we are able to trace a constant difference between them. ‘The con- spicuous semitransparent band in the secondaries of both sexes of C. excelsa is only faintly perceptible in the male of C. decumana, and altogether wanting in the female. In this species the whole of the base of the primaries in both sexes is black, whilst the male of C. excelsa has the region of the median nervure fulvous, C. decumana and its ally are almost the largest species of the section Ceratinia; and they both appear to be not uncommon in the regions to which they respectively belong. Our description and figure are taken from Costa-Rican examples in our collection. 2. Ceratinia megalopolis. (Jthomia megalopolis, Tab. III. fig. 8.) Ithomia megalopolis, Feld. Voy. Nov., Lep. p. 360, t. 44. f. 9°. Alis anticis nigris, dimidio basali macula nigra ornato, intra eam fulvo, extra eam sulphureo-flavo, sinuato ; maculis paucis exterioribus et serie submarginali sulphureo-flavis ; posticis fulvis, margine externo et macula apicem versus valde irregulari nigris, hac punctulis flavis ornata: subtus sicut supra, posticis macula basali nigra et punctis submarginalibus albis ornatis. Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé), Lion Hill (‘\Leannan); Cotomstal. We have several specimens from the State of Panama agreeing closely with Dr. Felder’s figure!. Considerable variation is observable in the amount of black near the apical angle of the secondaries: in some specimens there is an almost isolated black spot distinct from the black of the outer margin; in others the black is a large patch with an irregular inner edge; and in others there are indications of a band of black extending towards the abdominal edge. The distinction of C. megalopolis from C. cleis consists in the greater breadth of the median yellow patch on the prima- ries; but we are by no means certain that this difference is of specific value. The specimen figured is a female from Lion Hill. 8. Ceratinia cleis. (Jthomia cleis, Tab. III. fig. 5.) Ithomia (Ceratinia) cleis, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 33°. Ceratinia mylassa, Druce, Ent. M. Mag. xii. p. 126°. 24 RHOPALOCERA. C. megalopoli simillima, sed fascia trigona flava alarum medium anticarum occupante angustiore et macula nigra inter ramos medianos primum et secundum interrupta; posticis omnino ut in C. megalopoli. Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arce?), Lion Hill (I Leannan’). C. mylassa seems inseparable from this species, the difference apparently consisting of the reduction of the median yellow patch of the primaries into smaller spots than in C. cleis, and is thus a somewhat further departure from C. megalopolis than C. eles is. But as no two of Mr. Druce’s typical specimens are alike in this respect, and as the passage into C. cleis is almost perfect, C. mylassa cannot be distinguished with certainty. C. cleis is apparently by no means common in the State of Panama, where alone it has been found. Should it hereafter be found necessary to unite this species with C. megalopolis, as seems not improbable, the name the insect should bear is C. cleis. Its nearest ally is C. mergelena, Hew. Our figure represents the type, which came from Lion Hill. 4. Ceratinia dionza. Ithomia dionea, Hew. Ex. Butt., /th. tab. v. f. 24°. Alis anticis fulvis, parte apicali, costs basi, margine interno et maculis duabus triangularibus (una intra cellulam, altera inter ramos medianos primum et secundum, hac apici nigro conjuncta) nigris ; fasciolis subapicalibus, una infra eas, et septem in margine externo seriatim positis sulphureo-flavis; posticis fulvis, stria transversa et margine externo nigris: subtus sicut supra sed alis pallidioribus et margine posticarum nigro punctis septem albis ornato. Hab. Guatemata, forests of Northern Vera Paz and Polochic valley (f. D. G. & O. S.).— Venezvetal. This species was described by Hewitson from specimens said to have come from Venezuela; but we have not yet met with it in collections from that country, whereas examples of C. fenestella occur in them not unfrequently. The only specimens we have seen are those obtained by ourselves in Guatemala, where, however, it cannot be said to be a common species. These agree very well with Hewitson’s figure. They show, however, some variation amongst themselves, in that the isolated spot between the first and second median branches of the primaries is in some specimens yellow (as in the typical figure), in others tawny. In C. fenestella this spot becomes part of the transverse yellow subapical band, and thus shows a somewhat different disposition of the yellow marks of this portion of the wing. The two races, however, are very closely allied. 5, Ceratinia fenestella. Ithomia fenestella, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. tab. v. f. 25°. Ceratinia fenestella, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 334°. C. dionee simillima, sed alarum anticarum macula sulphurea inter ramos secundum et tertium margini externo propiore et fasciola transversa subapicali plerumque confluentibus, macula nigra inter ramos medianos primum et secundum subrotunda et apice nigro disjuncta. CERATINTA. 20 Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?, Carmiol).— VENEZUELA! ; TRINIDAD. We can detect no difference between Nicaraguan and Venezuelan specimens of this race, though a considerable gap in its range occurs in the State of Panama, where its place is taken by its near ally C. leucania. Judging from the number of specimens that have reached us, it would appear to be as common an insect in Nicaragua and Costa Rica as in Venezuela. The differences which separate it from C. dionwa are mentioned in the account of the latter species. 6. Ceratinia leucania. (Jthomia lewcania, Tab. III. fig. 9.) Ithomia (Ceratinia) leucania, Bates, P. Z.S. 1863, p. 246, pl. 29. f. 2. ©. dionee similis, sed alarum anticarum dimidio apicali maculis albis (interdum flavis) notato; fasciola per cellulam transeunte quoque alba (interdum flava) sepe obsoleta, seepe maculis duabus bipartita; maculis nigris cellule et iis inter ramos medianos primum et secundum plerumque apice nigro confluentibus. | Hab. Paxama, Lion Hill (M*Zeannan), Veraguas (Arcé). This is a close ally of C. fenestella and C. dionea, being nearer the former. The chief apparent difference consists, in the majority of specimens, of the spots of the distal half of the primaries being white instead of yellow. Some examples, how- ever, have these spots yellow just as in C. fenestella; others have only a yellow tinge; so that a complete gradation can be shown, in which these spots pass from one colour to the other. The character therefore fails to be a diagnostic one. In C. leucania the black colour of the apical portion of the primaries is more extensive than in C. fenes- tella, the discal spot and the one under it being usually united to the black portion of the wing. This greater extension of the black in C. lewcania renders it not difficult to discriminate the race from C. fenestella, even when yellow spots are present instead of white ones. The race, though abundant in the State of Panama, does not pass out of it. Our figure represents a male from Lion Hill. 7. Ceratinia callispila. (Jthomia callispila, Tab. III. figg. 6, 7.) Ithomia (Ceratinia) callispila, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. iii. p. 85 im Ceratinia callispila, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 334”. Alis anticis fusco-nigris, macula fulva subtriangulari ad basin plus minusve angulum analem versus extendente et interdum marginem internum includente; macula elongata obliqua ad cellule finem, fasciola sub- marginali, venis divisa, duabus infra eam et septem in margine seriatim positis flavis; posticis fulvis, angulum apicalem versus anguste nigro marginatis, ct macula nigra extra cellulam (interdum in fasciam transversam producta): subtus sicut supra, sed posticarum margine indistincte albo punctulato. Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Carmiol!, Van Patten’), Cache (Rogers) ; Panama, Veraguas (Arcé). BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. E 26 RHOPALOCERA. This is a somewhat isolated species, having no very near allies, though C. cleis appears to be its next of kin. Great variation, irrespective of sex, is noticeable in the black median band of the secondaries. In the majority of specimens an isolated black spot beyond the end of the cell is all that is shown. In some a well-defined black band is present ; and between these extremes every gradation can be traced. The species seems to be abundant in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, but does not pass much beyond these limits, as we have as yet only seen a single specimen from the State of Panama and none from more northern districts. Our figures are taken from two male specimens, one (fig. 6) from Costa Rica (agreeing exactly with the types), the other (fig. 7) from Nicaragua. NAPEOGENES. Napeogenes, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 533 (1861). Tarsus of female with four joints, a pair of spurs on each of the second and third joints; primaries with recurrent nervule on upper discocellular; no recurrent nervule on secondaries ; median nervure and discocellulars of secondaries nearly in a line; cell very long. Mr. Bates, when describing this genus in 1861, enumerated seventeen species as belonging to it. Subsequent researches have since more than doubled this number. Though well represented in the valley of the Amazons, the genus has many species inhabiting the slopes of the Andes from Bolivia to Colombia; but none of them have a wide range. Central America has but three—one (J. tolosa) extending from Mexico to Panama, one peculiar to Costa Rica, and one restricted to Panama. The genus is an extremely interesting one, from the fact that almost all its members mimic some commoner species of Jthomia found in the same district. Dr. Boisduval (Lep. Guat. p. 32) includes two other species of this genus as found in Central America under the names Ceratonia stella (Hew.), from Nicaragua, and Choridis peridia (Hew.), from Costa Rica; but both are Colombian species, from which country doubtless his specimens came. | 1. Napeogenes hemimelena. (Tab. III. fig. 3.) Napeogenes hemimelena, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 60°. 9 alis anticis nigris, flavo maculatis, maculis duabus discalibus, una majore extra cellulam venis divisa, duabus inter ramos medianos, serie quoque punctorum submarginalium a costa ad angulum analem extendente ; posticis dimidio basali lateritio-fulvo, margine exteriore irregulari, dimidio apicali nigro, angulo anali punctis duabus minutis et serie submarginali flavis notato. Hab. Panama (fibbe), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan!, Mus. Vindob.). NAPEOGENES. 27 Of this species we have only seen four examples—one (a male) in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, another (a female) in our own, and two in the Vienna Museum. Our specimen is figured on Plate III. fig. 3. All these were taken on the line of the Panama Railway. The nearest ally of VV. hemimelena is N. peridia (Hew.), of Colombia, from which it differs in having the two inner series of yellow spots in the apex of the pri- maries blended into one large one, and in the almost total absence of the large yellow spots in the apical angle of the secondaries. 2. Napeogenes tolosa. (Tab. II. fig. 1, & Tab. III. fig. 4.) Ithomia tolosa, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xii. f. 72°. Napeogenes tolosa, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3347. Alis fulvis, anticarum costa et dimidio apicali nigris, hoc maculis quinque flavis notato, una discali subquadrata, reliquis in area apicali positis ; margine externo serie punctorum alborum notato; posticis nigro marginatis : subtus ut supra, sed alis pallidioribus, marginibus externis punctis albis notatis. Hab. Mexico!; Guatremaua, Polochic valley (H. Hague); San Satvapor (Mus. Stau- dinger); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?), Trazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui and Veraguas (Arcé). The typical specimen of this species came from Mexico; but we have never yet met with it in collections from that country. In Guatemala it must be very rare, as a single specimen only has reached us; and this was taken in the valley of the Rio Polochic by one of Mr. Hague’s collectors. For the sight of a male specimen from San Salvador we are indebted to the kindness of Dr. Staudinger. This we have represented on Plate II. fig.1. The presence of yellow spots at the apical angle of the secondaries in this example makes us doubt the accuracy of the determination of the sex of Hewitson’s specimen, which we believe to be a female, and not a male as there stated!. Nicaraguan examples, and all from more southern localities, depart somewhat from the northern type. The primaries of these have the fulvous of the basal portion more restricted, in some speci- mens the base of these wings being wholly black. The spots, too, of the apex are usually of smaller size. As very considerable variation exists between individuals from these southern localities, and as some almost exactly resemble our Guatemalan example, we cannot separate them asa distinct race, though differentiation has proceeded to a considerable extent. Our figure on Plate III. tig. 4, represents a male of the Nicaraguan form. Though doubtless rare in the northern parts of Central America, it must be common in Nicaragua, judging from the number of specimens sent from that country from time to time. The pattern of Mechanitis isthmia is that which this species affects in the countries where both species are found. E2 28 : RHOPALOCERA. 3. Napeogenes pedaretus. (Tab. IV. figg. 4, 5.) Napeogenys pedaretus, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, ii. p. 257. d alis flavo-hyalinis nigro circumdatis, anticarum area vene median fulvo lavata, macula triangulari nigra ad cellule finem, area apicali venis nigris divisa; posticarum margine nigro, intus fulvo tincto, apicibus albo punctatis: subtus sicut supra, sed marginibus externis albo punctulatis. mari similis, sed anticis fuscescentioribus, area apicali maculis elongatis semihyalinis inter venas notata et una subquadrata concolori intra cellulam; posticis ferrugineis margine nigro ad angulum analem fere obsoleto, maculis duabus semihyalinis ad angulum analem vix apparentibus. Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu and Rio Sucio (Rogers). Of this beautiful species a pair alone have reached us. These were collected in the above localities by Mr. H. Rogers. The male bears a close resemblance to the same sex of Ithomia xenos, while the female has the pattern of that sex of Dircenna relata. The peculiar neuration of the secondaries at once distinguishes them from either of those species. Both specimens are represented in our plate. DIRCENNA. Dircenna, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 119 (1847). Tarsus of front leg of female with four joints, a pair of spurs on each of the second and third joints (sometimes also on the first); primaries with recurrent nervule on the lower discocellular; a strong recurrent nervule on lower discocellular of secon- daries; middle discocellular of secondaries of male gradually curved and directed out- wards, upper discocellular absent; upper radial anastomosing with subcostal at the end of the cell; costal and subcostal strongly arched ; cell of secondaries short, and lower segment of discocellular directed inwards. The genus Dircenna was established by Doubleday to receive D. klugi and another South-American species. Since then, numerous /thomie have been placed in it; and the definition of the genus has become obscured by these additions. ‘The hairiness of the palpi, upon which Doubleday placed much stress, does not seem to be a character to be relied upon as distinctive of the genus. The joints of the tarsus of the female, four in number, coupled with the shortness of the cell of the secondaries, seem to be associated in no other group of Jthomia; and we therefore restrict the term Dircenna to the insects having these characters. The genus as thus restricted has a wide range, extending from Brazil to Mexico. Five species are found within our limits, of which one reaches Mexico and two Guatemala; the rest are found in the more southern parts of the Isthmus. 1. Dircenna klugi. veratinia klugit, Geyer, Hiibn. Zutr. ex. Schm. f. 801, 802°. Dircenna klugi, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 121°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 331°. DIRCENNA. 29 ¢ alis fusco-hyalinis; anticarum costa, marginis externi ciliis, fasciaque in margine interno (utrinque rufo tincta) fusco-nigris ; fascia arcuata a basi ad angulum analem extensa, macula subquadrata apud cellule finem et octo extra eam (aream apicalem occupantibus) flavido-hyalinis ; posticis fulvescentibus nigro margi- natis: subtus ut supra, posticarum costa macula elongata alba notata et limbo externo maculis septem albis ornato; antennis flavis, basi nigris. gd mari similis, sed coloribus letioribus et maculis anticarum flavidis magis distinctis, maculisque albis pagine inferioris majoribus. Hab. Mexico! (Sallé), Atayac (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob.), Oaxaca (Deppe, Mus. Berol., Fenochio) ; Guatemaua, Retalhuleu, Duefias, Chuacus, San Gerdnimo (F. D. G. & 0. 8.), Chisoy valley and Polochic valley (Hague); Costa Rica (Van Patten ?), San Francisco, Trazu (Rogers). Originally described from Mexican specimens!, D. klugi has since been found in numbers in the southern parts of that country ; and it would appear to be equally common in Guatemala, where it is perhaps the most abundant of all J¢homiine up to an elevation of about 5000 feet. Inthe mountainous parts it is more frequently met with than in the low-lying tropical forests; and this may account for its not being found in Nicaragua, whereas in the mountains of Costa Rica it again appears. It is nearly allied to D. relata ; and some signs of connecting links between the two are not wanting in Costa Rica, where both are found. 2. Dircenna relata. Dircenna relata, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. 1. p. 95'; Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 189, t. 50. f. 3°. Dircenna olyras, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 331 (nec Felder). 3 D. klugi similis, sed alis obscurioribus, anticarum basi fere nigra, posticarum margine externo angulum apicalem versus latiore, area interna proxima fere pellucida, distali fulvescente, antennis flavis basi nigris. @ maculis anticarum magis distinctis et area posticarum interna unicolori rufa. Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Caché (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui and Calobre (Arcé). This is a close ally of D. klugi, the place of which it seems to take, to some extent, in the southern parts of Central America, where it would appear to be as common as D. klugi is in Mexico and Guatemala. ‘The chief distinctions between the two consist in the darker colour of the wings, and the smaller size and the greater distinctness of the pale yellowish spots of the primaries. It is a somewhat smaller insect, and has, in the male, more fulvous colour on the outer half of the inner area of the secondaries. Our descriptions are based upon Costa-Rica examples, the male being the type of the species, the female a Caché specimen. 3. Dircenna olyras. Ithomia olyras, Feld. Reis. d. Nov., Lep. p. 358, t. 44. f. 5, 6. Q D. klugi affinis, sed alis obscurioribus, anticarum basi omnino nigra; posticis fascia lata albescente alam mediam occupante ornatis. Ab D. relata posticarum coloribus differt. 30 RHOPALOCERA. Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales (Belt). We have only a single female example of this species, agreeing with Dr. Felder’s Plate. The specimens so called in Messrs. Butler and Druce’s paper are best referred to D. relata. 4. Dircenna lonera. Dircenna lonera, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 957; Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 189, t. 50. f. 2°. 2 D. relate similis, sed alis latioribus, et maculis anticarum hyalinis (nec flavis) confluentibus ; fascia lata sicut in D. olyrati posticis notatis: subtus margine posticarum externo tantum albo maculato, coste maculis albis nullis. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten !*), Rio Sucio (Rogers). Besides the single type specimen of this species we have only seen one other example. Unfortunately both are females. Several characters seem to distinguish D. lonera from — its ally D. olyras, the chief one consisting of the greater transparency of the terminal half of the primaries, owing to the greater size of the hyaline spots. Beneath there are no costal white spots on the secondaries. 5. Dircenna euchytma, (Ithomia euchytma, Tab. II. figg. 16, 17.) Ithomia euchytma, Feld. Reis. d. Nov., Lep. p. 357°. Dircenna euchytma, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 332’. ¢ alis flavo-hyalinis, anticis venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro (nisi marginis interni parte basali rufa) circumcinctis ; macula transversa per cellule medium et altera ad finem ejus fumatis, fascia subapicali indistincte fumata a costa ad marginem externum transeunte ; posticis venis rufis divisis: subtus ut . supra, anticis tribus (posticis una) maculis apicalibus albis notatis, una quoque posticarum costali et octo submarginalibus maculis albis ornatis. Q mari similis, sed coloribus multo saturatioribus et maculis obscuris multo latioribus, area quoque posticarum interna unicolori fulva differt. Hab. GUATEMALA, Choctum and Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten *) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, Ribbe), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Cotom1a ’. | This is a common species in the northern parts of South America and Central America as far as Nicaragua. In Guatemala it is not so abundant, its range being apparently restricted to certain parts of the department of Vera Paz. ‘The variation observable in specimens from different parts in this wide area is not great, and consists chiefly in the colour of the basal part of the inner margin of the secondaries. In some specimens this is fulvous, in others almost black ; and intermediates occur between these extremes. Our figures and descriptions are taken from specimens caught in the valley of the Rio Polochic, Guatemala. CALLITHOMIA. 31 CALLITHOMIA. Calhithomia, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. p. 522 (1861). Costa of secondaries of male highly arched; lower discocellular straight, meeting the median nervure at a small obtuse angle; middle discocellular bent to a right angle, lower segment short, a long strong recurrent nervule emitted from the angle; upper discocellular short, meeting the subcostal near its extremity at about two thirds of the length of the costa from its base; costal and subcostal nervures near together, slightly divergent towards their distal ends; first segment of subcostal much longer than the three segments of the median; second segment very short; the upper radial of secondaries of female joins the subcostal beyond the cell. This genus contains about ten species, so far as is at present known, which are dis- tributed over the valley of the Amazons, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, and Central America as far north as Guatemala. In the latter country three species have been discovered. The best-known of these (C. hezia) ranges from Nicaragua to the northern parts of the State of Panama; C. hedila is peculiar to the forests of Guatemala, whilst C. panamensis is only known from a single specimen taken on the line of the Panama Railway. 1. Callithomia hezia. Ithomia hezia, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. 4. f. 21". Callithomia hezia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3317. Alis anticis nigris, dimidio apicali maculis flavis notato, duabus intra cellulam, serie subapicali a costa ad angulum analem extendente, altera interiore, et tribus aut quatuor ad apicem ; posticis fulvis, apice late nigro: subtus ut supra, maculis apicalibus anticarum et margine posticarum albis. Hab. Nicaraeua (Mus. Brit.!), Chontales (Belt, Janson) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten?), Trazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn), Calobre (Arcé). Hewitson’s plate was drawn from a Nicaraguan specimen in the British Museum. From the same country we have received numerous examples taken in the district of Chontales by Belt and Mr. KE. M. Janson. All these, as well as more southern specimens from Costa Rica and Panama, agree in having the spots on the primaries small and distinct, whereas in the Guatemalan form these are much larger and more confluent. In the southern continent C. hezia is represented by two allied forms :—one, C. tridactyla, Dewitz (Mitth. miinch. ent. Ver. i. p. 86, t. 2. f. 2), found in the Colombian State of Antioquia; the other, C. phagesia, Hew. (Ex. Butt., Zth. t. 29. f. 186), from Ecuador and Peru, of which we possess a female example taken by Mr. H. Whitely at Chanchamayo in the latter country. Both these southern species are at once distinguishable from C. hezia by a hyaline patch near the anal angle of the secondaries. 32 RHOPALOCERA. 9. Callithomia hedila, n. sp. (C. hezia, Tab. III. fig. 1.) C. hezi: simillima, sed maculis alarum anticarum majoribus et confluentibus, parte nigra posticarum latiore, dimidium alarum occupante: subtus ut supra, maculis apicalibus anticarum et quatuor punctis sub- marginalibus posticarum albis. Hab. Guatemata, forests of Northern Vera Paz, Choctum (Ff. D. G. & O. 8.), Polochic valley (H. Hague). The Guatemalan race of C. hezia seems fairly separable as a species. A considerable series shows that the spots of the primaries are larger and more confluent, and that the apical portion of the same wings is in consequence more transparent. The secondaries, too, have more black on the apical half, the fulvous portion being restricted to the region of the abdominal margin. We took several specimens of this butterfly in the forests of the northern portion of Vera Paz, both near the Indian village of Choctum and on the road to Peten. They were found at an elevation of from 1000 to 2000 feet above the sea, and were usually observed flitting along the forest-paths. Other specimens have since been sent us by Mr. Hague from the valley of the Rio Polochic. We have no evidence of the existence of the species in the forests of the Pacific side of Guatemala. Our figure is taken from a female captured in the valley of the Rio Polochic. 8. Callithomia panamensis. (Tab. II. fig. 2.) Callithomia panamensis, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, il. p. 257. Alis fuscis, dimidio apicali et punctis duobus (uno intra, altero extra cellulam) nigris, macula lata extus irregulariter marginata ad terminum cellule posita, et fascia subapicali, venis divisa, flavis ; posticis late nigro marginatis. Hab. Panama (£ibée). This species is a near ally of C. beronilla, Hew. (Ex. Butt., Jth. t. 33. f. 222), of Colombia, but differs from it in the much greater breadth of the transverse yellow median band of the primaries. We have only as yet seen a single specimen of the species, which was captured by Herr Ribbe, and is now in Dr. Staudinger’s collection. From this our figure and description were taken. EPITHOMIA (gen. nov.). Costa of secondaries of male highly arched; lower discocellular bent to a right angle close to its upper end, where it emits a long recurrent nervule; middle disco- cellular simply curved; upper discocellular short, meeting the subcostal at an obtuse angle close to its extremity at a point less than two thirds of the costal margin from its base ; costal and subcostal nervures slightly divergent, the latter but slightly curved ; EPITHOMIA.—CALLOLERIA. 33 first segment of subcostal longer than the three median segments; second segment very short. Tarsus of front leg of female with five joints, a pair of spurs on each of the second and third joints. (Type Dircenna callipero, Bates.) The single species which we propose to place in this separate genus has many cha- racters in common with Callithomia. The palpi are hairy and have a comparatively long terminal joint; the secondaries are arched as in Callithomia. The neuration of the secondaries differs, however, in important points, the recurrent nervule being emitted from the lower discocellular instead of the middle. From Dircenna it differs not only in having a five- instead of a four-jointed tarsus to the front leg of the female, but in other characters, in the neuration of the secondaries. 1. Epithomia callipero, (Jthomia callipero, Tab. TIT. fig. 14.) Dircenna callipero, Bates, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 243, t. xxix. f. 4’; Ent. M. Mag. iii. p. 156°. Ithomia balboa, Bates, P. Z. S. 18638, p. 245°. Ithomia agrippina, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. 24. f. 152°? $ alis semihyalinis, anticarum tertia parte basali fulva, dimidio apicali fumoso-nigro, fascia obliqua per cel- lulam angulum analem versus transeunte flava, altera subapicali magis pellucida venis divisa, plaga nigra in cellule medio; posticis fulvis nigro late marginatis: subtus sicut supra, sed marginibus anticarum tribus, posticarum septem punctulis albis notatis ; antennis nigris, apicibus flavis. 9 mari similis, sed alis paulo opacioribus. Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan' *).—Cotomsta‘ ? This species does not agree structurally with Dircenna, where Mr. Bates originally placed it, a view, however, which he subsequently altered?. Whether Jthomia agrip- pina* is distinct or not from £. callipero it is not easy now to decide. Besides the apparent difference of neuration to which Mr. Bates has called attention®, Hewitson’s figure shows a yellow spot between the second and third median branches of the pri- maries, not seen in E. callipero. Hewitson’s type, formerly in Birchall’s collection, has now probably been lost sight of; and therefore the accuracy of the plate representing it, as regards the neuration, cannot be tested. Under this uncertainty respecting I. agrippina, and seeing that the description of E. callipero was read some days before the part of ‘ Exotic Butterflies’ containing the figure of J. agrippina was issued, we feel justified in using Mr. Bates’s name. £. callipero appears to have a very restricted range, and, though common on the line of the Panama railway, it does not occur beyond it, as none of the Veraguan collections which we have examined has contained examples. Our figure and descriptions are taken from M‘Leannan’s specimens. CALLOLERIA (gen. nov.). Costa of secondaries of male gradually arched; lower discocellular, meeting the median at an acute angle, is bent to a right angle (where it emits the recurrent BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Vor. 1879. F 34 RHOPALOCERA. nervule) near its upper end; middle discocellular gradually curved ; upper discocellular very short, meeting the subcostal at about three fourths of its length from its base ; cell moderately short, but proximal segment of subcostal longer than the three median segments; costal and subcostal nervures gradually divergent, but the former approaches the latter near its distal end. Secondaries of female with a short upper discocellular. Tarsus of front leg of female with five joints, with a pair of spurs on each of the second and third joints. (Type Jthomia tutia, Hew.) This section of Jthomia comprehends about eight or nine Tropical-American species, all more or less nearly allied. Two of these penetrate into Central America. As a group Calloleria seems allied to Epithomia; but the costa of the secondaries is less highly arched, the palpi seem less hairy, and the distal segment of the subcostal nervure much longer in proportion to the length of the nervure itself. 1. Calloleria tutia. Ithomia tutia, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. ii. f. 6’; Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxin. p. 539’. Pteronymia tutia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 332°. Pteronymia azara, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 332°. Alis subhyalino-fulvis, anticarum area apicali (intus fere pellucida) maculis tribus discalibus et una apud ramum medianum secundum obscure fuscis, apice ipsa et fascia obliqua a costa angulum analem versus transeunte flavis ; posticarum margine externo et linea longitudinale mediana fuscis : subtus ut supra, sed marginibus externis anticarum quatuor, posticarum septem punctulis albis notatis. Hab. Nicaraeva, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten®), Caché (fogers).— CoLoMBIA; VENEZUELA’. The Amazonian locality assigned to C. twtia by Hewitson! is no doubt erroneous, as Mr. Bates has already pointed out”, indicating its correct habitat as Venezuela. We possess a specimen from the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta precisely like Hewitson’s figure, thus confirming Mr. Bates’s statement. The range of ©. tutia seems to be completely broken in the State of Panama, where C. azara takes its place. In Costa Rica, however, the two forms blend to some extent ; but the true C. futia reappears in Nicaragua, uninfluenced by contact with C. azara. The intermediate forms are characterized by the varied extent of the pale subapical patch of the primaries, it being well developed in C. tutia and altogether absent in C. azara. It would seem as if C. azara were the agressive form, and that it was gradually displacing C. tutia in the Central-American localities where the latter is found. We have not seen any Costa-Rican specimens wholly of the pattern of C. azara. The insects referred to that race by Messrs. Butler and Druce* have all some of the characters of C. tutia; and, though doubtless intermediate between the two, we place them under the latter name. | CALLOLERIA.—HYPOSCADA. 35 2. Calloleria azara. Ithomia azara, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. iv. f. 23°; Equat. Lep. p. 13?. Ithomia dorilla, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 35°, iti. p. 157%. C. tutie similis, sed alarum coloribus saturatioribus, macula pellucida apicis anticarum absente ; posticarum linea longitudinali mediana fere obsoleta. Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (‘Leannan’).—Ecvavor ! ?. Panama specimens of this species were described by Mr. Bates as distinct from the Ecuadorian C. azara?; but an examination of a larger series of examples subsequently showed him that the two were not really separable*. The insect is common on the Isthmus of Panama, where, as we have already said, it appears to supplant C. tutia— the two forms mingling in Costa Rica, where the true C. azara does not occur, so far as we know. In the southern continent this species is less common; but Mr. Buckley obtained specimens of it during his first journey to Ecuador’. HYPOSCADA (gen. nov.). Antenne long; costa of secondaries of male curved rather abruptly near the apex ; lower discocellular bent to an acute angle where recurrent nervule is emitted; lower segment curved; upper segment straight, about half the length of the middle disco- cellular ; upper discocellular directed outwards about half the length of the middle discocellular ; proximal segment of the subcostal not much longer than the distal segment, and about equal to the three segments of the median nervure ; cell conse- quently short; costal and subcostal nervures wide apart and but slightly curved at their distal ends. Tarsus of front leg of female with five joints, with a pair of spurs on each of the second and third joints. (Type Jthomia adelphina, Bates.) The shortness of the cell of the secondaries in the male of this butterfly, coupled with the wide separation of the costal and subcostal nervures and the length of the antenne, seems to justify its removal from the old genus [thomia. Only two closely allied species are found in Central America; but in South America several more occur. These show considerable diversity of coloration, but in the main the same wing-structure. 1. Hyposcada virginiana. Ithomia virginia, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. ix. f. 54° (nec t. i. f. 18). Ithomia virginiana, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. xviil. f. 111, text*; Bates, Ent. M. Mag. iil. p. 52”. H. adelphine similis, sed supra obscuriore ; area anticarum ferruginea ramum medianum secundum tenus (nisi margine interno) extendente, maculis albis vix flavescenti tinctis: alis subtus quoque dilutioribus colore paging superioris nigro ferrugineo multo intermixto. Hab. Mexico! (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob.); GuatemaLa’, forests of N. Vera Paz (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Polochic valley (H. Hague), Zapote (Champion). F2 36 RHOPALOCERA. This species was originally described by Hewitson from a Mexican specimen as Ithomia virginia}, a name he had previously used for an Amazon species of Ithomia. This oversight he afterwards corrected, and substituted the name J. virginiana when figuring a Colombian insect which he took to bea female of the Mexican form?. The differences between the two were subsequently pointed out by Mr. Bates?, and are embodied in our diagnoses now given. | Hf. virginiana is by no means a common species; the only Mexican specimens we have seen are those in the Vienna Museum. In Guatemala we only met with it our- selves when visiting the lowland forests of Vera Paz north of the town of Coban. Here, however, it was rare; the few specimens we found were flitting near the forest- paths just like other members of this numerous family. It also occurs in Western Guatemala, Mr. Champion having recently sent us specimens from Zapote, on the slope of the Volcan de Fuego, 2100 feet above the sea. A near ally of H. virginiana is found in some of the Andean valleys of Ecuador; and it seems reasonable to suppose that these are the least changed from the protean form, and that a centre of variation has become established in and about the Isthmus of Panama, which has resulted in H. adelphina, in which unstable characters are still plainly traceable. 2. Hyposcada adelphina. (Jthomia adelphina, Tab. III. fig. 13.) lthomia virginiana 2°, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. xviii. f. 1127. Ithomia adelphina, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. iii. p. 52°. Ithomia adelphina, var., Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 882°. Alis anticis nigris, area anticarum basali (stirpe typica) ferruginea (sed interdum fere omnino nigra); dimidio apicali maculis decem albis ornato, duabus ad cellule finem, una ultra eam costam attingente, una angulum analem versus, quinque submarginalibus limbum apicalem sequentibus et una interiore positis ; posticis ferrugineis limbo apicali nigro, punctis albis trinotato: subtus sicut supra posticis linea sub- costali nigra. Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten 3), Caché, Rio Sucio (ftogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe, Mus. Staudinger), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (MU Leannan ?). Mr. Bates’s description of this butterfly was based upon specimens sent us from Panama*. Subsequent comparison with Colombian examples has shown us that no specific differences can be traced between them, and that therefore the insect described and figured by Hewitson as the female of [. virginiana! must be referred to H. adelphina, a point concerning which Mr. Bates was in some doubt. In Costa Rica and Nicaragua considerable variation exists in this race, chiefly as regards the extent of the ferruginous patch at the base of the primaries. In some specimens this patch is hardly shown at all; in others it is much more apparent. It is, however, essentially uncertain in amount in different examples, and thus cannot be used as a character by which to discriminate these varieties from the typical form. H. adelphina appears to be much more numerous than H. virginiana in their respective homes. LEUCOTHYRIS, 37 LEUCOTHYRIS. Leucothyris, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 82 (1870). Antenne moderately long; costa of secondaries of male gradually curved ; lower discocellular bent to an acute angle where it emits the recurrent nervule; upper segment long, and in a line with the long middle discocellular ; upper discocellular directed slightly forwards; distal segment of subcostal very short; proximal segment much longer than the three segments of the median nervure, and consequently the subcostal portion of the cell is very long; costal and subcostal nervures close together. Tarsus of front leg of female with five joints, with a pair of spurs on each of the second and third joints. (Type Jthoméa ilerdina, Hew.) These characters group a number of insects of considerable diversity of coloration, but of common wing-structure. The cell near the subcostal nervure is produced quite into the region of the apical angle in some species, as in L. rudescens and L. victorina, and especially in L. vicina. In L. makrena, though this part of the cell is not so long as in those just mentioned, it is still considerably longer than that part which lies next the median nervure. Leucothyris is represented in Central America by seven species, of which L. victorina enjoys a wide range, extending from Mexico over the whole area of Central America, and passing into South America as far as Bolivia. JZ. zea is peculiar to Mexico and Guatemala, its representative in Costa Rica and Panama being L. vicina. Costa Rica and Panama have also two more peculiar species in L. rubescens and L. pagasa; in Panama alone has L. esion at present been found; and here too the common Colombian species, L. makrena, has also been met with. 1. Leucothyris victorina. Heliconia victorine, Guér. Icon. Régne Anim. Ins. iii. p. 4701. lthomia victorina, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. xiii. f. 75°. Leucothyris victorina, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 333°. Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis, anticis macula subquadrata ad cellule finem et marginibus (preter costx dimidium basale rufum) fusco-nigris, fascia subapicali a costa ad marginem externum transcunte alba ; posticis limbo externo fusco-nigro linea rufa intus notato: subtus ut supra, sed maculis obscuris rufes- centioribus, posticarum apicibus atomis albis bipunctatis; antennis omnino nigris. Sexus quoad colores fere similes. Hab. Mexico (Bilimek, Mus. Vindob.), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Putla (Rébouch); Guate- MALA, forests of N. Vera Paz, San Gerénimo, Rio Polochic, Rio Motagua, Retalhuleu (fF. D.G. &. 0. S.), Zapote (Champion); Honpvuras, San Pedro (G. I. Whitely) ; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten*), Caché (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M*Zeannan).—VEeENEzUELA?; Peru; Bouivial. We are fortunate in possessing a Bolivian specimen of this species, obtained some 38 RHOPALOCERA. years ago from Mons. E. Deyrolle, and purporting to be Guérin-Méneville’s type specimen. This agrees with Peruvian and Venezuelan examples (the latter figured by Hewitson?) in having the border of the secondaries black and the base of the costa uniform with the rest, and not rufous. Northern specimens differ in this respect, and also in having a narrower white transverse band to the primaries. These differences are so slight that we hesitate to separate the Central-American insect by a distinct name. L. victorina, in Central America, is one of the commonest species of butterfly, and is found in all forest districts up to an elevation of about 3000 feet, beyond which it does not seem to pass. The type being a female, we have described an insect of that sex taken at Chuacus in Vera Paz. 2. Leucothyris rubescens. Leucothyris rubescens, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p.97'; P.Z.S. 1874, p. 384; Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 141, t. 1. % 9. Alis hyalinis, anticarum marginibus (apice paulo latiore), stria angusta transversa per cellulam mediam ducta, altera subquadrata apud finem et venis fusco-nigris, stria subapicali transversa cretaceo-alba ; posticis rufescenti-nigro marginatis et venis nigris notatis: subtus sicut supra, sed maculis omnibus obscuris rufescentioribus, alarum apicibus maculis albis bipunctulatis. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten1), Cache (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribde, Mus. Staudinger), Calobre (Arcé). A near ally of [¢homta phemonoe, Doubl. (Hew. Ex. B. th. t. 17. f. 102, 103, 104), of Venezuela, but differing in the greater size of the black quadrate spot at the end of the cell of the primaries and in the greater breadth of the dark margins to both wings, especially about the apical angle of the primaries; the margin of the secondaries, too, is tinged with rufous instead of being quite black. LL. rubescens has a restricted range in Central America, not passing northwards of Costa Rica nor southwards of Calobre, in the State of Panama. It is probably con- fined to forests of some elevation above the sea-level. 3. Leucothyris zea. Ithomia zea, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. vu. f. 40*. Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis; anticarum marginibus macula transversa intra cellulam, altera subquadrata apud finem ejus et limbo externo (intus valde sinuato) rufis, maculis duabus subapicalibus vitreis, fascia obliqua a costa ad marginem externum transeunte albescente; posticis, preter marginem analem, rufo marginatis: subtus sicut supra sed maculis pallidius rufis; anticis puncto apicali et posticis maculis sub- marginalibus albis notatis. Hab. Mexico}, Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.); Guatemata, San Gerénimo, Polochic valley (Hague), Volcan de Fuego (Salvin). LEUCOTHYRIS. 39 This species was first described by Hewitson from a specimen in Dr. Boisduval’s collection, said to have been sent from Mexico !, from which country we have seen an example in the Berlin Museum. It is not uncommon in restricted localities in Guatemala, especially in the portion of the estate of San Gerénimo in Vera Paz called San Lorenzo, which skirts the hills surrounding the eastern end of the plain of Salama. It has also been sent us from the valley of the Polochic, but in smaller numbers. In 1873, at the end of December, Salvin found Z. zea in the oak-forests of the eastern slope of the Volcan de Fuego, at an elevation of about 5500 feet above the sea. It was flitting in the open undergrowth of the forest, like other J¢homie, about four or five fect from the ground. WHewitson’s figure! has the dark marks of the primary wings coloured blackish brown; in our Guatemalan specimens these marks are rufous, in which also the subapical white spot of the primaries is usually, but not always, confluent with the next transverse diaphanous band. In the figure referred to this spot is quite isolated. 4. Leucothyris vicina. (Jthomia vicina, Tab. III. fig. 18.) Ithomia vicina, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, iv. p. 169°. Leucothyris vicina, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 333°. L. zee similis, sed marginibus maculisque rufis angustioribus, vitta anticarum discali corpori propriore, et macula ad cellule finem magis triangulari; maculis duabus vitreis ad apicem in aream hyalinam omnino confluentibus: subtus anticarum puncto albo in limbo costali, nec in margine externo posito, punctis albis posticarum L. zee submarginalibus absentibus. Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol!, Van Patten?), Irazu and Caché (fogers); PanaMa, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé, Zahn). A close ally of Z. zea, whose place it appears to take in the mountainous parts of Costa Rica and in the volcano of Chiriqui. It is rather smaller than Z. zea, and has all the dark markings of the primary wings smaller; the spot covering the end of the cell is triangular instead of subquadrate; and the mark across the cell is placed at a more acute angle and is nearer the body. 5. Leucothyris esion. (Ithomia esion, Tab. II. fig. 4.) Ithomia esion, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, ii. p. 258. Alis fulvis, marginibus et dimidio anticarum apicali nigris, area apicali maculis quinque albis notatis, quatuor submarginalibus et una (maxima) extra cellulam ad costam fere attingente: subtus ut supra, sed alarum marginibus albo punctatis; antennis elongatis, nigris. Hab. Panama, Candelaria (Ribbe, Mus. Staudinger). A single male specimen (that described and figured) in Dr. Staudinger’s collection, is the only one we have yet seen of this species. JL. ewsion belongs to the L. illinissa 40 RHOPALOCERA. group, and is most nearly allied te L. abdida (Hew.), from which it differs in the absence of a black band on the secondaries. 6. Leucothyris pagasa. (Jthomia pagasa, Tab. III. fig. 15.) Ithomia pagasa, Druce, Ent. M. Mag. xii. p. 126°. Alis obscure nigris, macula intra cellulam elongata ad basin extendente, altera subovata a costa per cellulam ad angulum analem ducta, altera extra eam minore et tribus submarginalibus flavo-hyalinis ; posticis medialiter eodem colore notatis: subtus sicut supra, margine externo nigro punctis albis ornato. Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers) ; Panama, Calobre (Arcé}), The nearest ally of this species is L. zelica (Hew.), from Western Ecuador; but it has many points of distinction. The yellow spots of the primaries are darker in tint and more distinct in outline; and the base of these wings is nearly black instead of the costa and inner margin alone being of that colour. LL. pagasa appears to be a rare species, but few specimens having come under our notice: of these, two were obtained by Mr. Rogers during his late expedition to Costa Rica; the rest, including Mr. Druce’s type, all came from the neighbourhood of Veraguas, in the State of Panama. 7. Leucothyris makrena. Ithomia makrena, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. v. f. 29°. Alis pellucidis, venis et marginibus, his intus valde sinuatis, fusco-nigris ; cellula anticarum macula fusco-nigra trigona bisecta, macula altera ad finem subquadrata: subtus sicut supra, sed maculis omnibus obscuris rufescentioribus et limbo marginali maculis subobsoletis albis ornato. Hab. Panama (fibbe).—Cotompia!.—Ecuapor ; VENEZUELA. This common Colombian species is only known to us as an inhabitant of Central America from a single specimen supplied to us by Herr Ribbe, who obtained it during his stay on the Panama railway-line. This specimen (a male) exactly resembles the typical form found in Colombia, from which Ecuadorian examples differ to some extent in the greater breadth of the marks of the primaries, and especially the margin of the secondaries. EPISCADA (gen. nov.). Costa of secondaries of male gradually curved; lower discocellular at right angles to third median segment and bent to a right angle where it emits the recurrent nervule ; middle discocellular nearly in a line with upper segment of lower disco- cellular; upper discocellular short, directed outwards; upper radial twice as long as the distal segment of the subcostal; subcostal strong; proximal segment slightly EPISCADA. 4] longer than the three segments of the median nervure ; costal and subcostal nervures divergent, but approximating towards their distal ends. Tarsus of front leg of female five-jointed, second and third joints strongly spurred. (Type Jthomia salvinia, Bates.) In this section of the old genus /thomia the secondaries of the male have the full complement of nervules; but the cell is differently shaped from that of Leucothyris, being much shorter, and the upper discocellular so short that the upper radial lies close to the terminal segment of the subcostal. We are acquainted with fifteen or sixteen species belonging to this form, which range over a wide area from South Brazil to Mexico. 1. Episcada salvinia. (Tab. III. fig. 19.) Ithomia salvinia, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 34°. Alis hyalinis (venis divisis) omnibus anguste rubiginoso circumcinctis, anticis macula eodem colore ad cellule finem et vitta extra cam subquadrata alba ornatis: subtus ut supra, sed partibus rubiginosis paulo dilutioribus ; antennis omnino nigris. © mari similis, sed alis brevioribus. Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), Oaxaca (Fenochio); Britiso Honpuras, Cockscomb Mountains (Llancaneau); GuatemaLa, Volcan de Fuego (0. S.), Zapote (Champion), San Gerénimo (Lf. D. G. & O. 8.1), Chisoy and Polochic Valleys (JZague).— COLOMBIA. Mr. Bates’s description of this species was based upon a female specimen taken by us near San Gerdnimo in Vera Paz. Subsequently we received the male insect, which proved that the location assigned to the species by its describer was quite correct, and that it belongs to the group containing /thomia sylvo and other allied forms. E. salvinia is an upland species, seldom perhaps descending below an elevation of 2000 feet. The specimens taken in the Volcan de Fuego were found in one of the deep ravines clothed with dense forest lying on the north-east side of the mountain, at an elevation of about 6500 feet. Here they were quite common in July. One of our Mexican specimens was taken by Mr. Fenochio in the State of Oaxaca, on the east side of the Cordillera. Three specimens from Jalapa, taken by Deppe, and now in the Berlin Museum, perhaps mark the limit of the northern range of the species. The only evidence we have of the species being found southwards of Guatemala is a specimen, formerly in Mr. Bates’s collection, marked as coming trom “ New Granada.” Our figure is taken from a female caught at San Gerénimo. ‘This and a male from the Rio Chisoy are also described. 2. Episcada apuleia. Ithomia apuleia, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xxvi. f. 163°. Pteronymia salvinia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 332 (nec Bates)’, BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Nov. 1879. G 42 RHOPALOCERA. E. salvinie valde similis, sed alarum marginibus rufis angustioribus et macula alba anticarum omnino vel fere omnino absente distinguenda. Q mari similis, sed alarum marginibus paulo latioribus et macula alba anticarum magis distincta. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten?), Trazu (Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—Ecvapor?. It is with some hesitation that we separate this southern race from the more northern E. salvinia; but it seems to differ constantly from that species in having the border of the wings very perceptibly narrower. An Ecuadorian specimen, doubtless referable to E. apuleia, comes very near indeed to our Costa-Rican examples; the only difference we can trace is in the total absence in the former of the white spot beyond the cell of the primaries, this spot in the latter being just visible. This slight difference is not sufficiently marked to render a separate name necessary. Messrs. Butler and Druce, in writing of this insect under the name Pferonymia salvinia?, say that it seems to come very near Ithomia gedera, Hew. This is not so; for, I. gedera belonging to the Hy- menitis section of Ithomia, the relationship is quite remote. Our descriptions are taken from Costa-Rica specimens. PTERONYMIA. Pteronymia, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 96 (1872). Costa of secondaries of male gradually curved ; lower discocellular placed at a slightly obtuse angle to the third median segment, and bent to a wide acute angle where the recurrent nervule is emitted; upper segment very short, and nearly in a line with the slightly curved middle discocellular ; upper discocellular absent; the upper radial also absent (section 4), or (section a) appearing as a short branch to the subcostal ; proximal segment of the subcostal a little longer than the three segments of the median nervure ; costal and subcostal nervures nearly parallel ; but the former approaches the latter near its distal end. Tarsus of front leg of female five-jointed ; first, second, and third joints spurred. (Type Jthomia aletta, Hew.) This group has the neuration of the secondaries of the male of a very simple character, the upper discocellular being totally absent, and in the majority of the species the upper radial also. We are acquainted with more than forty species having the structure described above. These range from South Brazil to Mexico. a. Secondaries of male with upper radial a short branch of the subcostal nervure. 1. Pteronymia tigranes, n. sp. (Tab. IV. figg. 10, 11.) Pteronymia artena, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 3382 (nec Hew.) !. Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis marginibus fuscis notatis, anticis macula subquadrata eodem colore apud cellule finem, altera eadem forma extra eam alba: subtus ut supra, sed coloribus pagine superioris obscuris rufescentioribus et alarum apicibus punctulis albis, anticarum tribus, posticarum una, ornatis ; antennis omnino nigris. Q mari similis, sed alarum marginibus latioribus et rufescentioribus. PTERONYMIA. 43 Hab. Guaremata, Polochic valley, Motagua valley, and San Gerénimo (fF. D. G. & O. S.), Volcan de Fuego (0. 8.), Zapote (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten*), Irazu (Rogers). This species bears a close outward resemblance to P. artena, but differs from it in having the upper radial of the secondaries placed as a branch of the subcostal, instead of being entirely absent as in P. artena. Like all species of J¢thomia of similar coloration it affects mountainous districts, being probably not found at a lower elevation in Guatemala than 2000 feet. In the Volcan de Fuego it flies, in company with Episcada salvinia and Leucothyris zea, in the densely forested ravines on the north-eastern slope of the mountain, at an elevation of 6500 feet. In Costa Rica it is a common insect. Specimens from that country differ slightly from Guatemala ones in having the border of the wings rather darker and less rufescent. Our description is based upon Guatemalan examples. 2. Pteronymia alemena. (Jthomia alemena, Tab. V. fig. 1.) Ithomia alcmena, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 61’. P. tigrani similis, sed minor et alarum marginibus latioribus et omnino fuscis, maculis (una nigra, altera alba) anticarum ad cellule finem majoribus et magis oblique positis: subrus alarum marginibus paulo obscu- rioribus quam in P. tigrane et maculis albis apicalibus fere obsoletis. Hab. Guatemaa Choctum (Lague'). We possess a single female example of this species, found in a large collection sent us from Choctum in Northern Vera Paz. Its right position must remain doubtful until male examples have been examined. In the meantime it seems probable that it will prove allied to P. tagranes. 3. Pteronymia alope, n. sp. P. alette (vide infra) quoad alarum colores valde similis, sed anticarum margine interno nigro distinguenda, ramum posticarum radialem superiorem quoque habet. Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (Jf‘Leannan).— VENEZUELA. Of this species we have three specimens, one of which was received direct from M‘Leannan, one is said to be from Venezuela, and the third from Mexico; but this last must at present be considered of very doubtful origin. The species is very like P. aletta in general coloration, but may be distinguished by the black inner border to the primaries. A more important character is the presence in the male of an upper radial in the secondaries, which, just as in P. tigranes, appears as a small branch to the subcostal. G2 44 RHOPALOCERA. 6. Secondaries of male with upper radial wholly absent. 4. Pteronymia cotytto. Heliconia cotytto, Guér. Icon. Régne An. Ins. texte, p. 471°. Ithomia cotytto, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xiii. f. 76°. Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis, anticis plaga subquadrata apud cellule finem, apice late et marginibus fusco- nigris, costa ad basin ferruginea, vitta extra cellulam obliqua a costa ad medium marginis externi tracta alba: subtus sicut supra, sed colore fusco pagine superioris ferrugineo tincto. Hab. Mexicot, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova (Riimeli); Bririst Honpuras, Corosal (Rowe), Cockscomb Mountains (Blancaneau); Guatemaa, Motagua valley (fF. D. G. & O.8.), Polochic valley, Chisoy valley, San Gerénimo, and Choctum (Hague) ; Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (Jf‘Leannan).—VENEZUELA 2. This common Central-American species was first described from Mexican specimens by Guérin-Méneville!; and it was subsequently figured by Hewitson from a Vene- zuelan insect. Though we have traced the range of P. cotytto to Panama, we have never seen any examples from beyond the limits of Central America. Within this border it seems to be found nearly universally with the exception of Costa Rica, where P. parva seems to take its place. From this latter species it is readily distinguishable by the black of the apex cutting straight across the wing instead of following the curve of the margin. Our description is taken from a Guatemalan example captured in the valley of the Rio Polochic. 5. Pteronymia parva. ({thomia parva, Tab. V. fig. 2.) Lthomia parva, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iv. p. 168°. Pteronymia parva, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3327. P. cotyttoni similis, sed minor, anticarum apicibus magis hyalinis margine nigro angustiore: subtus apicibus atomis albis, anticarum tribus, posticarum una, ornatis. Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol!, Van Patten?). This common Costa-Rica species seems to take the place of its near ally P. cotytto in that country, as we have seen many of the former, but none of the latter, from there. The difference between the two is slight, but, so far as we are aware, constant. Our figure and description are taken from the typical specimens. 6. Pteronymia artena, Ithomia artena, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xiii. f. 481. P, simplici similis, sed alarum marginibus latioribus, macula apud cellule finem latiore, maculaque alba extra eam majore distinguenda: subtus alarum apicibus obsolete albo punctatis. PTERONYMIA. 45 Hab. Mexico! (Sallé), Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.). Hewitson’s description and figure of this species were taken from Mexican specimens, whence we have an example brought by Mons. Sallé. Five others from that country have also come under our notice, which were obtained by Deppe, and are now in the Berlin Museum. There is nothing in Hewitson’s description or figure to enable us to determine with certainty whether the name /thomia artena was applied to the present insect, in which the upper radial of the secondaries is wholly absent, or to P. tigranes, in which this nervure appears as a branch to the subcostal; but as the former alone has, so far as we know, been found in Mexico, and not the latter, we are probably correct in applying the name P. artena to the Mexican species. Our description is taken from a male specimen from Southern Mexico, captured by Mons. Sallé. 7. Pteronymia simplex. (Jthomia simplex, Tab. III. fig. 20.) Ithomia simplex, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iv. p. 168’. Pteronymia simplex, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3327. Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et margine angusto rufescenti-fusco circumdatis, linea angusta (in femina latiore) eodem colore apud cellule finem ct macula alba extra eam ad costam fere attingente: subtus sicut supra, sed partibus paging superioris obscuris rufescentioribus. Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol!, Van Patten ?), Irazu (Rogers) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé). This close ally of P. artena seems restricted in its range to the mountainous parts of Costa Rica and the adjoining district of Chiriqui, beyond which limits we have not yet met with it. From P. artena it differs chiefly in the dark margin of the wings being narrower, and the black mark at the end of the cell being a narrow line just covering the discocellular nervules. The female of P. simplex almost exactly resembles the male of P. artena, and can only be distinguished by the sexual difference of neuration. In Colombia Jthomia apia, Feld., seems to take its place, an insect questionably distinct from P. artena. 8. Pteronymia rufocincta. (Jthomia rufocincta, Tab. III. fig. 21.) Ithomia rufocincta, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iv. p. 167°. Alis hyalinis, venis rufis divisis et rufo marginatis, macula eodem coloro lineari apud cellule finem, margine anticarum interno stria nigra ornato: subtus sicut supra, sed coloribus rufis dilutioribus. Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio 1), Putla (Rébouch). A very distinct species, with the neuration of P. artena and P. simplex, the range of which seems restricted to Western Mexico. Our figure and description are taken from the type specimens from Oaxaca. 46 RHOPALOCERA. 9. Pteronymia notilla. Pteronymia notilla, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 96'; P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 332’; Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 140, t. 1. £.7°. Pteronymia olyrilla, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 96°; P.Z.S. 1874, p. 382°; Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 140, t. 1. f. 6°. 3S. Alis hyalinis, anticis venis nigris divisis et nigro circumcinctis, margine interno basin versus vix ful- vescenti tincto, area interna fumosa apud cellule finem obscuriore, parte apicali maculis pallidissimis flavis (una subquadrata extra cellulam, tribus inter eam et marginem externum et sex submarginalibus) notata ; posticis pallide ferrugineis nigro extus marginatis: subtus ut supra, sed anticis (in apice) tribus, posticis quinque (in margine externo) atomis albis ornatis; antennis nigris. @ mari similis, sed coloribus letioribus, maculis anticarum flavis magis distinctis et cellule apud finem macula indistincta flavida notata. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten'*), Irazu, Caché, and Rio Sucio (Rogers). The sexes of this insect were described as distinct species by Messrs. Butler and Druce **, who compared the female with Ithomia donella, Feld. (of which JI. alinda, Feld., is the male), and the male with J. /atilla, Hew. With the former of these insects P. notilla is allied ; but the latter belongs to a different section of J¢homia, in which the upper discocellular nervule of the secondaries is wanting, and the upper radial appears as a branch to the subcostal. In P. notila, as in P. alinda, both the upper discocellular and the upper radial are absent. In P. alinda both the costal and sub- costal nervures are contorted, being simple curves in P. notilla; besides, the mner margin of the primaries is rufous in the former and black in the latter insect, so that the two are really easily recognized species. P. notilla appears to be a common butterfly in Costa Rica, but has not yet been met with outside the limits of that Republic. 10. Pteronymia fulvescens, n. sp. (Tab. IV. figg. 8, 9.) Ithomia latilla, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 832° (nec Hew.). P. fulvimargini similis, sed antennarum tertia parte apicali flava, posticarum linea submarginali fulva valde indistincta et feminse area posticarum interna fulvescenti perfusa distinguenda. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten 1), Rio Sucio, Irazu, and Caché (Logers). This species has nearly the coloration of Jthomia latilla, Hew., but differs from it in the absence in the secondaries of the upper radial, which in J. latilla appears as a branch to the subcostal. The yellow tips to the antenne and other characters distin- guish it from P. fulvimargo. We have only seen Costa-Rican examples of the species, where, however, it would seem to be a common insect. PTERONYMIA. 47 11. Pteronymia fulvimargo. Pteronymia fulvimargo, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 97*; Butl. Ex. Lep. p. 140, t. 50. f. 5. Alis fusco-flavidis hyalinis, venis divisis et fusco-nigro anguste circumcinctis; macula anticarum ad cellule finem eodem colore, area apicali maculis flavis valde indistinctis notata ; venis subcostali et mediano rufis ; posticarum margine nigro precipue ad angulum analem fulvis: subtus sicut supra, sed marginibus fulves- centioribus et anticarum apicibus, posticarum marginibus externis albo punctulatis; antennis omnino nigris. @ mari quoad colores fere similis. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten 1). This insect is a close ally of P. fulvescens, having the same wing-structure and a general similarity of colour-pattern. It can at once be distinguished by the antenune being quite black; whereas in P. fulvescens these organs are yellow for the terminal third of their length. Van Patten’s collection contained several examples of this species; but we have not met with it elsewhere. 12. Pteronymia aletta. Ithomia aletta, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. vi. f. 31}. Alis subhyalinis, anticarum dimidio basali (preeter costam ipsam nigram) lete rufescente, dimidio apicali famoso- fusco venis nigris diviso, margine externo et interno ad angulum analem et macula subquadrata apud cellule finem nigris, parte apicali maculis serie duplici pallidissime flavis ornata—una extra cellulam (macula costam proxime albicante), altera submarginali ; posticis rufescentibus apicem versus hyalinis et venis nigris divisis, margine quoque nigro ornatis: subtus sicut supra, sed anticarum apice et posticarum margine externo punctulis albis notatis, linea posticarum subcostali nigra; antennis omnino nigris. mari similis, sed coloribus letioribus. Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).—CoLoMBIA ; VENEZUELA! We have a single male Veraguan example of this species agreeing accurately with Colombian and Venezuelan specimens. The species was described from Venezuelan insects!. Our description of the male is taken from the Panama specimen, that of the female from a Colombian one. 13. Pteronymia agalla, sp.n. (Tab. IV. figg. 6, 7.) P. alette similis, sed macula magna extra cellulam flava ornata et area posticarum interna venis inclusis fere unicolori rufescente ; antennis omnino nigris. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé), Veraguas (Arcé). Though Van Patten’s Costa-Rica collection contained several examples of this species, it is not included in Messrs. Butler and Druce’s paper. It is closely allied to P. aletta, both in colour and in the structure of its wings; but the differences given above are sufficient to distinguish the two. PP. agalla probably takes the place of P. aletta in Costa Rica and its vicinity. 48 RHOPALOCERA. ITHOMIA. Ithomia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 9 (1816), partim. Dynothea, Reakirt, Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. p. 222. Costa of secondaries of male rather highly arched; lower discocellular placed at nearly a right angle to the third segment of the median nervure, and bent to a small obtuse angle, where a rudimentary recurrent nervule is emitted; middle discocellular long; upper discocellular directed outwards, meeting the subcostal at a wide obtuse angle; proximal segment of subcostal slightly longer than the three segments of the median nervure ; costal and subcostal nervures enclose an elliptical space, the long axis of which is about one third the length of the subcostal nervure. Of the four species included by Hiibner in his genus /thomia, the most desirable in many respects to retain as the type of the genus is [thomia drymo, a species which has the neuration of the secondaries arranged as described above, and in which the peculiar elliptical space included between the costal and subcostal nervures is plainly indicated. This character is quite diagnostic of the genus, any member of which can at once be recognized by reference to it alone. The genus /thomia as thus restricted contains about thirty-five species, of very varied pattern of coloration and form of wing, but with a common type of neuration. Nine species are found within our limits, of which only two occur in Mexico and Guatemala, the rest being peculiar to Costa Rica and the adjoining countries, or else southern species passing within our boundary. 1. Ithomia panamensis. (Jthomia lycaste, Tab. V. fig. 3.) Ithomia iphianassa, var. panamensis, Bates, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 244, t. 29. f.5'; Reak. Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. p. 219°. Papilio lycaste, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 161°? Ceratinia lycaste, Reak. J. c. p. 218, partim*. Ceratinia boucardi, Druce, Ent. M. Mag. xii. p. 126’. Alis nigris, basi fulvis, anticis plaga magna subtriangulari costam fere attengente, per cellulam transeunte et ad angulum analem extendente, maculis sex submarginalibus, et duabus (interdum quatuor) area apicali nigra positis, flavis, alarum basi fulvarum macula in cellule media et dimidio apicali posticarum nigris : subtus ut supra, sed maculis submarginalibus albis majoribus. Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (1 Leannan).—Co.omBia. Mr. Bates, who first described this insect from a single specimen sent us by James M‘Leannan!, considered it to be an extreme form of I. iphianassa; but an examination of a large series of examples shows that the peculiarities of LZ. panamensis are shared in common by all the individuals of the district, and that it is really a sufficiently well- marked form to deserve a name. The large triangular yellow spot on the middle of the primaries at once distinguishes it from all its allies. In coloration it has the pattern of Callithomia panamensis, Ceratinia cleis, and Mechanitis macrinus—all Panama species. ITHOMIA. 49 Mr. Reakirt, in a careful examination of the races of Ithomia iphianassa and its allies? 4, identified specimens he had received from Los Angeles, California, with the Papilio lycaste of Fabricius*, from which Panama specimens hardly differ, if they do at all. Whether the name P. lycaste is really applicable to this insect is, we think, open to question. Mr. Butler, who had access to Jones’s unpublished drawings, when compiling his ‘Catalogue of Fabrician Rhopalocera,’ applied the name to a specimen of Calli- thomia in the British Museum, which may have been Fabricius’s type, who described an insect in Drury’s collection. Many of Drury’s specimens were purchased by Milne when this collection was sold by auction; and it was from Milne that the Callithomia in question was acquired by the British Museum. As the question cannot now be settled satisfactorily, we think it best to use the name I. panamensis, upon which no doubts rest. Los Angeles in California is a very long way from the usual range of this species; and it seems possible that some error has been made in the locality attributed to the specimens received from there by Mr. Reakirt. So far as our know- ledge of the insect goes, its range is restricted to the Colombian States of Panama and Antioquia. 2. Ithomia heraldica. (Tab. V. fig. 4.) Ithomia heraldica, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. iii. p. 51’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 333°. Alis anticis fusco-nigris, fascia plerumque semihyalina et rufo marginata a basi prope angulum analem exten- dente, macula obliqua subquadrata cellulam transeunte, altera elongata infra eam inter ramos medianos secundum et tertium, una subapicali tripartita punctisque apicalibus quatuor flavis ; posticis fulvis interne semipellucidis, margine externo fusco indistincte punctulato : subtus ut supra, sed anticis punctis apicalibus albidis, posticarum margine septem punctis albis notato, coste basi et corpore infra sulphureo tinctis ; antennis basi nigris, apice flavis. Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica! (Van Patten?), San Fran- cisco, Caché (Rogers); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé). A species allied to I. iphianassa, but quite distinct from any of the forms of that insect. It was first described from specimens from Costa Rica, where it would appear to be common. It is equally common in Nicaragua, having been obtained by all collectors who have worked in the mining-district of Chontales. We have only a single specimen from the State of Panama; we therefore conclude that it hardly passes beyond the limits of Costa Rica in that direction. 8. Ithomia plaginota. Ithomia plaginota, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 95'; Butl. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 338’; Butl. Lep. Ex. p-139,t. Lf. 4°. Alis fulvis, anticis macula subrotunda discali, altera plerumque subtriangulari infra eam et dimidio apicali nigris, fascia obliqua irregulari cellulam transeunte, altera extra eam tripartita septemque punctis sub- marginalibus flavis; posticarum apicibus nigro anguste marginatis: subtus sicut supra, sed limbo posti- carum nigro flavo punctulato et area discali macula nigrescente notata. BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Vou. 1879. H 50 RHOPALOCERA. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten }?); Panama, Chiriqui (27bde). This is a well-marked species, restricted in its range to Costa Rica and the adjoining district of Chiriqui. Its nearest ally is J. celemia, Hew., of Colombia, from which it differs in having all the spots on the apical half of the primaries yellow instead of white. 4. Ithomia xenos. (Tab. V. fig. 8.) Dircenna xenos, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. ii. p. 50’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3327. Alis flavido-hyalinis, anticis preecipue apud venas fumatis, macula fumata obliqua cellulam transeunte, altera ad finem ejus marginibusque anguste nigris, margine interno late nigro, vena mediana anticarum et venis posticarum omnibus rufis: subtus ut supra, sed pallidiore, posticarum limbo externo albo punctulato, costa fascia elongata rufa utrinque grisea picta. @ mari similis, sed maculis anticarum fumatis saturatioribus et posticis interne magis rufescentibus dis- tinguenda. Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiolt, Van Patten”), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn). Mr. Bates, when describing this species, referred it to the genus or section Dir- cenna!; but a further examination of the type specimens and others that have reached us shows clearly that the neuration is strictly that of the section in which we now place it, and that its resemblance to Dircenna is at most superficial. Though apparently a very common species in Costa Rica, we have seen but few specimens from beyond the limits of that country. It has no very near ally that we know of; but it comes nearest I. lagusa, Hew., of the northern parts of Colombia. 5. Ithomia patilla. (Jthomia cotytto (lapsu), Tab. V. fig. 6.) Ithomia patilla, Hew. Ex. B., Jih. t. ii. f. 2°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3337. Ithomia psyche, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 34°. Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis, et marginibus (anticarum apicibus late) nigrescenti circumdatis ; plaga magna subquadrata nigra apud anticarum cellule finem spe margine externo cum ramo mediano secundo late nigro conjuncto, altera extra eam alba costam fere attingente ; margine posticarum nigro intus sepe ferrugineo : subtus ut supra, sed coloribus obscuris multo dilutioribus et rufescentioribus, coste posticarum basi et abdomine infra sulphureis; posticarum apicibus albo bipunctulatis ; antennis nigris, prothorace rufo. Hab. Mexico}, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova (hiimeli), Vera Cruz (Deppe, Mus. Berol.) ; British Honpuras, Cockscomb Mountains (Blancaneaw); Guaremata, Retalhuleu (F. D. G. & O.8.), Volcan de Atitlan (0. S.), Zapote (Champion), Polochic valley (Hague) ; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten”), San Francisco, Caché (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn), Veraguas (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan). One of the commonest species of its family in Central America, being especially abundant in Guatemala, where we found it in most of the low-lying forest country on ITHOMIA. 51 both sides of the Cordillera. It was also observed in the forests of the Volcano of Atitlan at an elevation of between 3000 and 4000 feet. Our specimens from Retal- huleu were described by Mr. Bates as I. psyche?, and compared at the time with I. victorina and I. cotytto, species having a very similar outward resemblance to it, but differing, as Mr. Bates pointed out, in the arrangement of the neuration of the secon- dary wings. Subsequent comparison has shown us that J. psyche does not differ specifically from J. patilla (a Mexican insect described by Hewitson from apparently a female example!), though Guatemalan and southern specimens have the inner portion of the dark border to the secondaries tinged with rufous, but to a variable degree. We have not yet seen specimens of J. patilla from any locality beyond the Isthmus of Panama; but in South America allied species occur, the nearest perhaps being I. ardea, Hew., of Peru and Bolivia. Our figure is taken from one of the types of J. psyche, captured near Retalhuleu in 1862. 6. Ithomia leila. (Tab. V. fig. 7.) Ithomia leila, Hew. Ex. B., Ith. t. uu. f. 3°. I. patille affinis, sed alis posticis multo minoribus, anticis macula elliptica pellucida nigro circumcincta intra ramos medianos secundum et tertium distinguenda. Hab. Mexico}, Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.); Guatemaua, Choctum (Hague). Of this rare species but little is known. Hewitson’s plate was drawn from a female specimen in Saunders’s collection, said to have come from Mexico. From the same country we have seen two examples captured by Deppe at Jalapa, which are now in the Berlin Museum. Only three specimens have reached us from Guatemala, two of which were taken near Choctum, in Northern Vera Paz, by one of Mr. Hague’s col- lectors. The third we procured from Herr Ribbe, from a collection of Guatemalan insects. Our Choctum specimens are both males; and from one of them the figure has been drawn. 7. Ithomia hippocrenis. (Tab. V. fig. 5.) Ithomia hippocrenis, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. iii. p. 51’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 333 *. I. patille similis, sed minor, apicibus anticarum magis hyalinis et stria acuta angusta per mediam cellulam versus ramum medianum primum ducta distinguenda. Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten)?; Panama, Santa Fé, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan’). Originally described by Mr. Bates from a single specimen sent in from Lion-Hill station by the late James M‘Leannan; we have since received a number of others H2 52 RHOPALOCERA. from more northern localities. It does not, however, pass beyond Nicaragua in its northern range. In Colombia its place is taken by an allied species, J. diasia, Hew., to which it has a great general resemblance, differing, however, in having the quadrate spot at the end of the cell of the primaries larger, and in the dark marks of the underside being suffused with rufous. Our figure is taken from the type specimen sent us from Lion Hill. 8. Ithomia terra. Ithomia terra, Hew. Ex. B., Ith. t. iii. £. 16"; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3337. I. patille affinis, sed minor et anticarum apicibus angustius nigris, plaga alba minus obvia, vena mediana posticarum inter ramos secundum et tertium et ramis ipsis late nigris distinguenda. Hab. Costa Rica( Van Patten*), Caché (Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—CoLoms1a! ; VENEZUELA; ECUADOR. This southern species, described originally from Colombian specimens, ranges in Central America as far as Costa Rica, whence numerous examples have reached us. But little variation is observable in specimens from distant points in the range of the species; Central-American examples, however, show a faint extracellular white spot on the primaries, hardly visible in insects of more southern origin. 9. Ithomia jucunda. (Tab. II. fig. 3.) Ithomia jucunda, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, ii. p. 258. I, terre similis, sed macula ad cellule anticarum finem majore et angulo anali per ramum medianum late nigrum conjuncta, maculaque rufa in margine late nigro posticarum posita distinguenda. Hab. Panama, Candelaria (Ribbe, Mus. Staudinger). Two specimens of this [¢homia, obtained by Herr Ribbe are in Dr. Staudinger’s col- lection, and are the only ones we have seen. Both are females; and therefore the position of the species in the genus Ithomia is somewhat doubtful; but we believe it to be a near ally of J. terra. Our figure and description are taken from one of the types. HYPOLERIA (gen. nov.). Lower discocellular of secondaries of male directed across the wing and atrophied at its upper end, not meeting the middle discocellular ; middle and upper discocellulars and upper radial strong, the latter not uniting with the subcostal at its distal end; lower radial very slender, a small recurrent nervule attached to its proximal end. Costal and subcostal divergent in the middle, where they enclose an elliptical space, which, how- ever, is not closed at its distal end (Section a) ; or costal and subcostal lying close together throughout their length (Section 8). Secondaries of the female in Section @ with the middle discocellular very short, upper HYPOLERIA. 53 discocellular absent, the upper radial being a branch of the subcostal; female of Sec- tion 6 unknown. (Types: Sec. a, H. libera, nob.; Sec. b, Ithomia polissena, Hew.) This genus has many of the characters of Hymenitis, but differs in not having one of the peculiarities of that genus, in which the upper radial and subcostal of the secondaries in the male unite at their extremities instead of running free to the margin as in the present genus. Five species of the group appear to belong to Central America; but the limits of the genus in South America we have not yet been able to ascertain. Of these five species, H. libera and H. cassotis are certainly congeneric ; the position of H. fumosa must remain doubtful until male examples have been examined, so also must that of H. rhene, of which we have no specimen at hand for reexamination ; the fifth, H. polissena, is aberrant, inasmuch as the costal and subcostal nervures of the secondaries of the male lie close together, instead of diverging to enclose an elliptical space as in HT. libera. a. Costal and subcostal nervures of secondaries of male divergent in the middle, where they embrace an elliptical space not closed at its distal end. 1. Hypoleria libera, n. sp. (Tab. IV. figg. 12, 13.) & alis anticis sordide hyalinis, costa, marginibus, macula subquadrata apud cellule finem et venis nigris, dimidio apicali maculis decem pellucido-albis ornato (tribus conjunctis ultra cellulam) ; posticis dimidio interiore rufescente, reliquo pellucido venis nigris diviso, margine externo fusco: subtus sicut supra, sed posticarum costa rufo notata. mari similis, sed obscurior, maculis anticarum hyalinis minoribus, posticis fere omnino rufis. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui, Calobre, and Santa Fé (Arcé), Lion Hill (I Leannan). This is a local race of [thomia lavinia, Hew., a species found in Colombia as far north as the neighbourhood of Santa Marta. The Central-American race differs constantly in the greater distinctness of the dark marks of the male, and in the female also being darker and the secondaries of a duller red, which is more generally suffused over the wing. H. libera has a very limited range in Central America, being not found outside the State of Panama. Our descriptions and figures are taken, that of the male from a specimen captured at Lion Hill, that of the female from a Calobre example. 2. Hypoleria fumosa, n.sp. (Tab. IV. fig. 14.) Q H. libere similis, sed alis anticis fuscescentioribus, maculis apicalibus nullis, fascia ultra cellulam magis dis- tincta, posticis fumoso-rufescenti tinctis: subtus ut supra, sed posticarum costa fulvo tincta. Hab. Panama, Santa Fé (Arcé). The description and figure of this species are taken from a single female specimen sent us from Santa Fé by Arcé. This differs so much from H. libera that we cannot but consider it distinct. The position of the species must remain somewhat doubtful until males of it have been examined. 54 RHOPALOCERA. 3. Hypoleria cassotis. (Tab. V. fig. 10.). Ithomia cassotis, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 357. Hymenitis cassotis, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 8342. Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro circumcinctis, anticarum margine ad apicem latiore, macula subtrigona ad cellule finem et ultra eam vitta alba a costa ad marginem externum transeunte, apicibus interdum maculis fere obsoletis albis notatis: subtus ut supra, sed partibus fuscis fulvo tinctis; antennis nigris, Hab. Guatemata, Choctum and forests of N. Vera Paz (F.D. G. & O.S.), Polochic valley and Chisoy valley (Hague); Costa Rica (Van Patten”), Irazu and Caché (Rogers). This species was first described by Mr. Bates, from specimens obtained by us near Choctum’, in the forests of Northern Vera Paz, not the Motagua valley, as stated in the original description ; and from the former districts, as well as from the Polochic and Chisoy valleys, we have received several other specimens through Mr. Hague’s exer- tions. The species, however, cannot be called common in Guatemala; and its range seems confined to the hot districts which are situated at a less elevation than 2000 feet. In Costa Rica it would appear to be a commoner insect, as Van Patten’s collection contained many examples, and we have also received it from Mr. Rogers. Our figure and description are taken from a female captured in the forests of Choctum. 4. Hypoleria rhene. (Jthomia rhene, Tab. Il. fig. 6.) Ithomia rhene, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, ii. p. 2597. H. cassotis quoad colores similis, sed posticarum cellula valde elongata, ramo radiali inferiore brevissimo. Hab. Panama (Ribbe, Mus. Staudinger!). A single male example of this insect is the only one we have seen. This was obtained by Herr Ribbe in the neighbourhood of Panama, and is now in Dr, Staudinger’s collection. Our description is taken from this type, as well as our figure, and we are indebted to Dr. Staudinger’s kindness for the loan of it for this purpose. 6. Costal and subcostal nervures of secondaries of male lying close together throughout their length. 5. Hypoleria polissena. Ithomia polissena, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xxiv. fig. 151}. Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro angustissime circumcinctis, macula eodem colore sublineari ad cellule finem et punctulo ultra eam in costa albo notato: subtus ut supra, sed colore opaco rufo tincto. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ridde, Mus. Staudinger).—Ecvuavor}, Herr Ribbe took a single specimen of this species at Chiriqui; and this, through Dr. Staudinger’s kindness, we had an opportunity of comparing with an example from PSEUDOSCADA. 55 Kcuador in our collection, and found them to agree exactly. We have no other evidence of the existence of the insect in Central America. PSEUDOSCADA (gen. nov.). Lower discocellular of secondaries of male placed at right angles to the third segment of the median nervure, slightly curved and atrophied at its upper end, lower radial very slender; middle and upper discocellular, upper radial, and subcostal very strong; costal nervure atrophied, scarcely perceptible as a spur on the subcostal at about one third of its length from the base; ends of upper radial and subcostal free, not uniting as in Hymenitis. Three discocellular nervules present in the female; both upper and lower radials with separate origin. Tarsus of front leg of female with five joints, a pair of spurs on each of the first, second, and third joints. (Type Ithomia pusio, Godm. & Salv.). Though at first sight very similar in structure to Hymenitis, this genus presents so many differences that its separation seems necessary. The atrophy of the costal nervure in the secondaries of the male is not found in any other group, so far as we know; and the subcostal and upper radial having free ends is another divergence from Hymenitis, from which it also differs in the neuration of the secondaries of the female, which (in Pseudoscada) has the full complement of nervules. 1. Pseudoscada utilla. (Jthomia pusio, Tab. V. figg. 18, 14.) Ithomia utilla, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xvii. f. 101). Ithomia pusio, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 612. Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro circumdatis (ad apicem anticarum paulo latiore), macula sub- trigona ad cellule finem vittaque obliqua alba ultra eam a costa erga marginem externum extensa: subtus ut supra, sed coloribus opacis ferrugineis, anticarum apicibus atomis duabus minutis albis pictis. mari similis, sed alarum marginibus paulo latioribus. Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson?); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).—ConomBia!; Ecuapor. When describing /thomia pusio*, we compared it with Ithomia andronica, Hew., a Species to which, except in its smaller size, it has a strong outward resemblance. A further examination of its wing-structure shows that its relationship with I. andronica is not really at all near, and that it cannot be separated specifically from I. utilla, Hew., under which name we now place the insect. A common species in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, P. utilla is absent from the line of the Panama railway, but reappears again in South America, being found both in Colombia and Ecuador. | Our descriptions and figures are taken from Nicaraguan specimens, the types of I. pusio. 56 RHOPALOCERA. HYMENITIS. Hymenitis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 8 (1816). Lower discocellular of secondaries of male placed at right angles with the third sec- ‘tion of the median nervure, and atrophied at its upper end; middle and upper disco- cellulars short but strong; upper radial strong, uniting with the subcostal close to its distal end; lower radial slender, sometimes atrophied at its proximal end. Tarsus of front leg of female with five joints, a pair of spurs on each of the first, second, and third joints. Female. Section a: secondaries with a long lower discocellular; middle discocellular absent ; upper discocellular very short, directed outwards; lower radial branching from the upper about halfway between the cell and the margin. Section 6: secondaries with lower discocellular curved near its upper end; middle discocellular meets the subcostal at an acute angle; upper discocellular absent ; lower radial distinct ; upper radial branches from the subcostal a little beyond the cell. (Species described: Section a, H. oto (Hew.); Section 6, H. sosunga, Reak.) The females of these two sections have very different structures in their secondary wings; and it may prove necessary to give them generic rank ; but as we have not yet been able to examine the South-American species with sufficient accuracy to enable us to ascertain the limits of each section, we prefer keeping them all under the name Hymenitis for the present. | The wing-structure of the secondaries of the males is the same in both sections, except that in H. ofo and its allies the radials are crowded closer to the subcostal than in the H.-sosunga group. The genus Hymenitis has a wide range in South America, being found in Southern Brazil, and throughout the eastern valleys of the Andes to Colombia, extending north- wards to Mexico, eight species being found within our limits. a. Secondaries of female with a long lower discocellular; middle discocellular absent ; upper discocellular very short and directed outwards ; lower radial branching from the upper about halfway between the cell and the margin. 1. Hymenitis oto. Ithomia oto, Hew: Ex. Butt., Ith. t. vii. f. 397. Hymenitis oto, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 833”. Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro circumcinctis (posticarum margine rufescentiore) ad apicem et ad finem rami mediani secundi multo latiore, macula subquadrata ad. cellule finem vittaque ultra eam a costa fere ad marginem internum extensa albis: subtus ut supra, sed coloribus pagin superioris opacis rufis. © mari similis, sed macula anticarum et marginibus fuscis latioribus. Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio); Brirish Honpuras, Cockscomb Mountains (Blancaneau); GuateMaa, Retalhuleu, Volcan de Fuego, 6400 feet (FD. G. & HYMENITIS. 57 0. 8.), Zapote (Champion), Chuacus, San Gerdnimo, and Polochic valley (Hague) ; Nica- Ra@uA, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten ?), San Francisco (Rogers) ; Panama, Chiriqui and Calobre (Arcé). Originally described from Guatemalan specimens!, this species is now known to have a wide range in Central America, being found from Southern Mexico to the State of Panama. In Guatemala it is one of the commonest species of its group, and is found at very various altitudes, from the forests of the Volcan de Fuego at a height of between 6000 and 7000 feet to as low as 900 feet at Retalhuleu ; it also occurs in many other parts of the country at intermediate altitudes. In Nicaragua it seems to be not so abundant; but in Costa Rica and the adjoining parts of the State of Panama. its numbers would appear to be quite equal to those in Guatemala. We have no record of its occurrence beyond the mountainous district of Calobre in Panama. We have described Guatemalan specimens in our collection. 2. Hymenitis nero. Ithomia nero, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. vii. f. 37}. Hymenitis nero, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 333. fH. otoni affinis, sed anticarum apicibus magis hyalinis, margine fusco multo angustiore differt. Hab. Mexico, Cordova (fiimeli); Guatema.a, Polochic valley, Chisoy valley, and forests of Northern Vera Paz (Hague), Zapote (Champion) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten?) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, [ibéde). Originally described from a Mexican specimen in Dr. Boisduval’s collection, H. nero is by no means common in that country; and as yet we have only received a single specimen of it, which was taken near Cordova. In Guatemala it is more abundant, but still restricted in its range to the low-lying forests of Vera Paz, whence Mr. Hague has sent us a good many examples—and the forests of the Pacific side, where Mr. Champion has recently found it at Zapote, on the slopes of the Volcan de Fuego. In Costa Rica it is also a common insect; but we are somewhat surprised not to have received it from Nicaragua. This would indicate that, though H. nero is an inhabitant of the lower forests, it probably prefers an elevation of 1000 to 2000 feet to the country lying nearer the sea-level. 3. Hymenitis lyra. (Jthomia lyra, Tab. V. figg. 11, 12.) Ithomia lyra, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, iv. p. 169’. Hymenitis lyra, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S8. 1874, p. 3337. H. neroni persimilis, sed minor et area anticarum apicali pellucida nec fusco-hyalina, posticarum venis angu- stiore nigris, et anticarum femine apicibus late nigris maculas duas indistinctas includentibus. Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley! and Chisoy valley (Hague); Costa Rica (Van Patten?, Carmiol), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn), Calobre (Arcé). BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Fed. 1880. I 58 RHOPALOCERA. Though like H. nero in the distribution of the hyaline parts of the apex of the anterior wings, H. lyra is really more nearly allied to the South-American H. andro- nica (Hew.), from which it chiefly differs in the larger size and different shape of the subquadrate spot at the end of the cell of the primaries. It is a rare species in Guatemala, whence but few specimens have reached us. Costa Rica seems to be its headquarters; and here it abounds, numbers of specimens having been sent from there. It is rare again in the adjoining parts of Panama, and alto- gether absent from the line of railway. From this we gather that its chief resorts are woods of an elevation of not less than 2000 feet above the sea. We have described and figured type specimens—the male from the Polochic valley, the female from Calobre, Panama. 4. Hymenitis morgane. Hymenitis morgane, Geyer, Hiibn. Zutr. ex. Schm. f. 869, 870!. Ithomia morgane, Hew. Ex, Butt., Ith. t. x. f. 557. Alis hyalinis, venis, marginibus late et macula ad cellule anticarum finem rufescentibus ; fascia cretacea sub- obsoleta a costa ad marginem externum extensa: subtus ut supra. Hab. Muxico? (Karwinsky1, Mus. Vindob.), Oaxaca (Fenochio) . Though this species has been long known as an inhabitant of Mexico, we have no precise information of its range except through the specimens sent us by Don A. Fenochio from the neighbourhood of Oaxaca. From this we infer that the species is not improbably restricted to Western Mexico. It is a well-marked species, being easily known by its broad rufous margin. We have described one of our Oaxaca specimens. 5. Hymenitis anetta. Heliconia anette, Guér. Icon. Régn. Anim. iii. p. 470’. Ithomia anetta, Hew. Ex. Butt. i. Intr. p. iv’. Hymenitis anetta, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 333 °. Ithomia telesto, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. x. f. 564. H. morgane similis, sed minor, alarum marginibus angustioribus et obscurioribus, fascia cretacea anticarum magis distincta distinguenda. Hab. Muxico!* (Heller, Mus. Vindod.); British Honpuras, Cockscomb Mountains (Blancaneau); GuaTEMALA, Volcan de Atitlan, Volcan de Fuego, Duefias, Aceituno (F. D. G. & O. 8.), Zapote (Champion), San Gerénimo and Polochic valley (Hague) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten®, Carmiol), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé). Though apparently not common in Mexico, whence the original specimens came ', H. anetta is very abundant in Guatemala, ranging from a height of 2000 feet up to HYMENITIS, 59 nearly 7000 feet above the sea. At Duefias, and in the Volcan de Fuego, it is one of the commonest species, and may be seen in numbers flitting a few feet from the ground in the forests. It is equally common in Costa Rica, but is absent from Nicaragua and the lower parts of the State of Panama, mountains of at least 2000 feet or more being necessary to its habits. Southern specimens differ slightly from northern ones in that the rufous border of the male is sometimes narrower. We have described a Guatemalan specimen in our collection. 6. Hymenitis furina, n. sp. (Tab. IV. figg. 15, 16.) Alis anticis fusco-hyalinis, costa, margine interna et plaga in cellule medio fusco-nigris, cellula ad basin fulve- scenti-fusca, parte distali ochraceo-hyalina ; vitta ultra cellulam, maculis duabus infra eam, serie sub- marginali et duabus apicalibus ochraceo-hyalinis ; posticis fulvescentibus medialiter magis pellucida, macula ad cellule finem et margine externo ad apicem valde sinuato fusco-nigris, mari similis, sed major et coloribus alarum saturatioribus dignoscenda. Obs. Ithomie kedema, Hew., affinis, sed major, anticarum basi fuscescentiore, et area posticarum interna satu- ratius fulvescente distinguenda. Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé). This species is a close ally of H. kedema, but seems sufficiently distinct to be separable. We possess three specimens, all obtained in the State of Panama, and all that have come under our notice. A male and female of these are described and figured. b. Secondaries of female with lower discocellular curved near its upper end; middle discocellular meets the subcostal at an acute angle, upper discocellular absent ; lower radial distinct; upper radial branches from the subcostal a little beyond the cell. 7. Hymenitis sosunga. (Jthomia sosunga, Tab. V. figg. 15, 16, 17, 18.) Ithomia sosunga, Reak. Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. p. 217°. Hymenitis zavaletta, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 333” (mec Hew.). Alis anticis fusco-semihyalinis, macula in cellule medio, altera ad finem ejus et marginibus fusco-nigris ; macula subquadrata cellulari, altera sinuata extra eam a costa ad angulum analem extensa et tribus subapicalibus flavo-hyalinis, maculisque tribus in margine ipso albis; posticis parte basali flavo-hyalina, parte apicali fusco-hyalina, margine externo late nigro maculis albis inclusis. Q mari similis, sed area posticarum interna lateritio-fulva et maculis submarginalibus albis majoribus dig- noscenda. Hab. GuateMa.a, forests of N. Vera Paz (fF. D. G. & O. S.), Choctum and Chisoy valley (Hague); Honpuras!; Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten?) ; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Santa Fé, and Calobre (Areé). We obtained several specimens of this fine species in the lowland forests of Northern 12 60 RHOPALOCERA. Vera Paz; and others were subsequently sent us from the same district, and also from the Chisoy valley, by Mr. Hague. It is a strictly forest species, being found only in the thin undergrowth of virgin forest, and may be seen in January and February flitting near paths. Under slightly modified forms the species is found in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and the adjoining parts of the State of Panama, but not on the railway line. Guatemalan specimens have the yellow of the base of the secondaries more restricted in extent than is observable in Costa-Rican and Panama specimens; but Nicaraguan examples are somewhat intermediate. There is a difference, too, in the postcellular yellow band of the primaries, which in Guatemalan examples is a large continuous spot, but in more southern specimens is more broken up into separate spots. These differences are slight ; and as intermediate links are not wanting, we think it best to keep all under the name H. sosunga, proposed by Mr. Reakirt for a specimen which came from Honduras!. The male of this butterfly has a great resemblance to Ithomia zavaletta, Hew., in which the sexes are nearly alike. A Costa-Rica specimen was called by the latter name by Messrs. Butler and Druce*; but it doubtless ought to have been referred to this species. Our figures 15 and 16 represent the Panama form of the species, 17 and 18 repre- senting the Guatemalan race. 8. Hymenitis zygia. (Jthomia zygia, Tab. V. figg. 19, 20.) Ithomia zygia, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 61}. H. sosunge affinis, sed area anticarum apicali fuscescentiore et maculis flavo-byalinis multo minoribus 3 posticis margine fusco multo angustiore et area interiore ferrugineo tincta. Q femine H. sosunge similis, sed maculis anticarum minoribus, posticarum margine fusco multo angustiore et maculis albis submarginalibus majoribus notata. Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé). This beautiful species, though surrounded by the wider-ranging ZH. sosunga, 1s yet quite distinct from that species. It is restricted in its range to the Volcano of Chiriqui, whence we have received several examples, most of which are females. Our figures are taken from two of these Chiriqui examples, which were also the types of our original descriptions. HETEROSAIS (gen. nov.). Subcostal nervure of secondaries of male with a convex and concave curve, costal nervure forming the chord to the proximal curve; lower discocellular placed at a large acute angle to the third segment of the median nervure, at its upper end it meets the lower radial; middle discocellular and upper radial absent, leaving the cell open ; upper discocellular atrophied, being represented by a slight projection on the subcostal HETEROSAIS. 61 on its lower side. Lower discocellular of secondaries of female strongly curved and bent to a large acute angle, where a recurrent nervule is emitted; lower radial strong; middle discocellular meets the subcostal at a right angle, the upper discocellular and upper radial being absent. (Type Jihomia nephele, Bates.) The neuration of the secondaries of the male of insects of this section is quite peculiar, and in this respect represents the simplest type of wing-structure to be found in the sub- family Danaine, though Pteronymia is of almost as simple a construction in a different way. Taking this fact as affecting the position of Heterosais in the subfamily, it should perhaps stand at the head of the Rhopalocera; but, on the other hand, the presence in the female of a front leg with a five-jointed tarsus is opposed to this view. ‘This is a point best reserved for a general review of the whole of the Danaine, being rather beyond the scope of a faunistic work like the present. | 1. Heterosais nephele. Ithomia nephele, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 548°; P.Z.S. 1863, p. 244”. Hymenitis nephele, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 333°. Alis fuliginoso-hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro circumcinctis, macula subquadrata obliqua eodem colore ad cellule finem vittaque cretaceo-alba ultra eam a costa ad marginem externum extensa, et macula submarginali in angulo anali albescente: subtus ut supra, sed coloribus opacis rufo tinctis. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten*, Carmiol); Panama, Chiriqui, Santa Fé (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan ?).—Ecuapor ; Upper AMAzoNs'. Heterosais nephele was first described by Mr. Bates from specimens obtained during his expedition on the Amazons at Tabatinga, near the frontier of Brazil and Peru. It has since been found in some numbers by collectors in Ecuador, in the valley of the Rio Napo and other localities on the eastern slopes of the Andes. Absent from Colombia, the species reappears in Central America, where it is found throughout the State of Panama and in Costa Rica, being especially abundant on the line of the Panama railway. Specimens from Central-American localities are very constant in their characters, and show the peculiar nerve-structure of the secondary wings, which distinguishes this and its allies from other forms of this group of insects. 2. Heterosais cadra. (Ithomia cadra, Tab. II. fig. 5.) Ithomia cadra, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, ii. p. 259. H. nephele similis, sed margine anticarum interno rufescente et area posticarum interna (venis inclusis) rufescenti induta differt. Hab. Panama, Rio Gatun (£i6de). This is a close ally of H. nephele, differing in the points indicated above. Two speci- 62 | RHOPALOCERA. mens only have as yet come under our notice, both of which were obtained at Rio Gatun on the line of the Panama railway by Herr Ribbe. One of these is in Dr. Staudinger’s collection, and one in our own. From the latter our figure and description are taken. Subfam. SATV RINE. CAROIS. Cerois, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816) ; Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 366, t. Ixv. f. 1. (Type Papilio arcescilaus, Cr., =P. chorineus, Fab.) The type of this genus is a species peculiar to Guiana and the Amazon valley, which, probably on account of the state of atrophy of the front legs of the male, has been placed at the head of the Satyrine. These legs, owing to the rudimentary condition of the tibia and tarsus, are very similar to those of Jthomia and its near allies; and this fact perhaps justifies our making Cwrois stand here next to the Danaine ; but whether this position can be permanently assigned to it can only be determined by a more thorough examination of the Satyrine than we can here undertake. Besides the type, the only other species which has been placed in the genus Cwrois is the Papilio gertrudtus of Fabricius, of which we possess a mutilated example so determined by Mr. Butler after an examination of Jones’s drawings, the basis of Fabricius’s description. In the structure of the wings and front legs this specimen agrees with Cwrois; so that we have no reason to dissent from Mr. Butler’s decision. At the same time we cannot but regret that better materials are not forthcoming upon which to revise the question. 1. Cerois gertrudtus. Papilio gertrudtus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 72+. Cerois gertrudtus, Butl. Cat. Fab. Diurn. Lep. p. 8’. Alis fuscis dimidio basali cyaneo lavatis, anticis macula subapicali fulva, ocello nigro albo pupillato ad apicem propius; subtus pallide ferrugineis, strigis obliquis ferrugineis quatuor, una ultra cellulam a costa anti- carum in posticas extendente, altera breviore intra cellulam aliisque duabus corpori propioribus, ad basin quoque ferrugineo irroratis ; alis posticis hujus speciminis imperfectis dimidio apicali omnino absente. Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan). The determination of the only specimen we possess of this species is due to Mr. Butler, who refers it without hesitation to this Fabrician species2. Unfortunately this example is but a fragment, possessing, however, many of the characters ascribed to the species by Fabricius, but differing in having a purple blush over both wings, a character not noticed in the original description. As our example is a male, the female may want this peculiarity and thus conform to the Fabrician diagnosis. CALLITARA. 63 Our specimen was received from the late James M‘Leannan, who took it at Lion Hill on the Panama railway. We have as yet looked in vain for more specimens; for none have reached us. CALLIT/ARA. Hetera, Div. A, Sec. I. Subsec. 6, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 863 (1851). Callitera, Butler, Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 101 (1868). The species of this genus were placed by Doubleday in a subsection of his first division of the comprehensive genus Hetwra; and they passed under that genus for many years, until Mr. Butler separated them in 1868. Its nearest allies are Hetera and Pierella, with which it has in common a short internal nervure on the primaries which coalesces with the submedian, forming a sort of loop, somewhat as in /thomia and its allies. As diagnostic characters Callitera has the following:—The tibia of the front leg of the male is somewhat dilated, and the tarsus is nearly as long as the tibia ; the lower discocellular of the secondaries meets the median nervure at the origin of its third branch ; and the terminal joint of the palpi is short. Callitera is represented by at least three species in the basin of the Amazon. Another, perhaps two, are found in Guiana. C. aurora is found both in the Amazon valley and in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Lastly, we have C. menander, almost peculiar to Central America south of Nicaragua, and C. polita, which probably occupies nearly the same area. Mr. Kirby, in his ‘Synonymic Catalogue,’ uses the name Citherias, Hiibner, for this genus, a title we should have been glad to adopt did we feel that that course was open tous. Citherias, as understood by Hibner, is a composite genus, first restricted by Doubleday and placed as a synonym of the typical division of Hetwra, which he made to contain two sections. Mr. Butler still further restricted Citherias by asso- ciating it strictly with Hetera, making a new name for Doubleday’s other section. <As this course was open to him, his assignment of these names must be accepted. 1. Calliteera menander. (Tab. VI. figg. 1, 2.) Papilio menander, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. t. xxviii. f. 3°. Callitera menander, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 101°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 337 °. Papilio andromeda, Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 184°. Hetera andromeda, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 180°; Butl. P.Z.S. 1866, p. 42, t. 1. f. 9°. $ alis hyalinis, venis divisis, anticarum marginibus striisque duabus transversis fuscis (una per cellulam, altera ultra eam) indistincte notatis, posticis ad angulum apicalem ocellis nigris flavo circumcinctis et albo pupillatis, dimidio distali rubro leviter tincto et linea irregulari fusca: subtus ut supra literam V for- mantibus. . Q mari similis, sed striis fuscis posticarum distinctioribus et colore rubro minus distincto. Hab. Ntcaraeua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica 3, Caché (Rogers); PaNaMa, Chiriqui, Veraguas, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (‘\Leannan *).—Co.omBia. 64 RHOPALOCERA. Great difference of opinion has of late existed as to the rightful owner of the name Papilio andromeda, Fabricius, one which has been applied to three very different insects by different entomologists, all of whom have grounds for the views they hold. Fabricius, in first introducing this name, makes no mention of the red patch on the hind wings, but, on the other hand, refers to a “litura parva, cerulea” on those wings, pointing at once to one of the blue-winged species C. philis or one of the allied forms, or to C. esmeralda. Mr. Butler uses C. andromeda without hesitation, and places C. philis (Cram.) as a synonym. Mr. Kirby, probably laying more stress upon the introduction of the word “ parva ” into the diagnosis, fixes it with equal confidence to the insect usually known as C. esmeralda (Doubl.). Mr. Bates °, looking to the fact that Fabricius himself, in his subsequent reference to his Papilio andromeda‘, distinctly refers the name P. menander, Drury, to the same insect, and amends his diagnosis by the addition of the words “ posticis apice rubris” (the words “litura cerulea” still remaining in a note), without hesitation uses the name andromeda, as an older title than menander, for this butterfly. Under these conflicting circumstances we are driven to the conclusion that to attempt to fix the name andromeda with certainty is hopeless, owing to the insufficiency of the original description and the uncertainty of its author respecting it, and that therefore it ought to be set aside altogether. We use, then, the following names for these three insects, about which there can be no reasonable doubts, viz. C. menander (Drury) for the Central-American species now under consideration, C. philis (Cram.) for the Guiana species, and C. esmeralda for that found at Para and its vicinity. | | Although Drury says he received the specimen from which his figure is taken from Jamaica, it most probably came from the mainland, as this insect is not found in the West Indies, and his figure agrees accurately with our Central-American examples. Its range extends from Nicaragua just into Colombia, whence we have two examples, Thence southward into Peru its place is taken by a closely-allied form named C. aurora by Felder; this, though varying considerably both in the tint and extent of the colouring of the secondaries in certain localities, invariably has the blush more vivid and the inner portion of the cross band wavy instead of straight, and also a second band near to, but not touching, the outer margin as in the northern species. Our figures are taken from Panama specimens. 2. Callitera polita. Hetera polita, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 84°. @ alis latissimis vitreo-hyalinis, marginibus externis valde rotundatis, anticarum marginibus striisque trans- versis quatuor fuscis—una intra cellulam, altera per cellulam a costa ad marginem internum extensa, tertia in cellule finem, quarta arcuata ultra cellulam a costa ad angulum analem extensa; posticarum margine et striga bicurvata submarginali fuscis, ocello uno nigro fulvo circumcincto et albo pupillato in angulo apicali marginem attingente. Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt 1, Janson) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé). HETARA, 65 Of this singular species we only possess female specimens; so that we are unable to examine all the points which would fully justify its being placed in this genus rather than in Hetwra, where it has usually stood. The neuration of the secondaries, how- ever, is that of Callitera; and the presence of one and not two ocelli on the same wings points in the same direction; so that we have little hesitation in placing the species in this genus. Its peculiar rounded wings, and the absence of any of the bright colours of Callitera, make it very distinct from any of its congeners. The species is a rare one, and was originally one of Belt’s discoveries in Nicaragua, whence we have specimens. As it is also found in the neighbourhood of Chiriqui, it may be looked for in Costa Rica, from which country, however, no specimens have yet reached us. HETARA. Haetera, Latreille, Mag. f. Insektenkunde, vi. p. 284 (1807). Hetera, Div. A, Sect. I. Subsec. 6, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 11. p. 365. Restricting the use of this name to H. piera and its immediate allies, the genus contains four or five species which are distributed over nearly the whole of Tropical South America from Costa Rica to South Brazil, one species (H. macleannania) coming within our limits. Some of the diagnostic characters of the genus, as distinguished from Cailitera and Pierelia, consist in the male having the tibia of the front legs slender and the tarsus only about half the length of the tibia. In both sexes the lower discocellular of the secondaries meets the median close to the common origin of the second and third median branches, and the proximal segment of the subcostal is about equal to the proximal segment of the median. The wings are diaphanous as in Callitera. In one respect Hetwra differs widely from both Callitera and Pierella; and that is, in the secondary sexual characters of the male. In the former the upper hook (the ‘“‘teoumen ” of Buchanan-White), besides the central spine (which itself appears split), has two short lateral projections as in many other Satyride. The lateral jaws (the ‘“harpagones”) have a prominent tooth on the upper edge. In both Callitera and Pierella the tegumen has a simple central projection, and the harpagones have a smooth upper edge without any tooth, as in Hetera. 1. Hetera macleannania. (Tab. VI. figg. 3, 4.) Hetera macleannania, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 180°. Hetera diaphana, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 337” (nec Lucas). 6 alis anticis vitreo-hyalinis, venis et marginibus fuscis ; posticarum margine externo in medio valde producto et rubro tincto, striga irregulari submarginali, duos ocellos nigros flavo circumcinctos et albo punctulatos, in marginem includente, a margine costali ad marginem externum medium, deinde ad marginem internum extensa fusca: subtus ut supra. Q mari similis, sed posticis ultra strigam colore coccineo (nisi apud ocellum superiorem) bene lavatis. BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Fed. 1880. K 66 RHOPALOCERA. Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten®); Panama, Santa Fé (Arcé), Lion-Hill station (M‘Leannan 1). This species may readily be distinguished from the Guiana H. piera by the absence in both sexes of the yellow clouding of the apical half of the secondaries—a character which prevails to a greater or less extent in all the local forms of H. piera except that found in South Brazil, which has received the name H. hymenca from Dr. Felder, and which is almost certainly the same as H. diaphana of Lucas. The latter name was bestowed upon an insect supposed to have come from Cuba; but we have no more reason for believing that it did so than we have for crediting H. nereis, also included in Ramon de la Sagra’s work, to the same island, neither having since been found there. In their paper on Costa-Rica butterflies ? Messrs. Butler and Druce called the species of that country H. diaphana; but as Lucas lays stress upon the outer margin of the secondaries of his insect being less angular than in H. piera, and on the absence of red in the same region, we cannot admit this identification, and prefer to adhere to the name bestowed by Mr. Bates upon a female from Panama, with which Costa-Rican specimens of the same sex are identical. Of the races of H. piera in South America, that found in Ecuador is perhaps the most nearly allied to H. macleannania, as in it we find the greatest development of red about the anal angle of the secondaries of the female. It has, however, the clear secondaries in common with the Brazilian H. hymenwa, and also the strongly marked submarginal band. Our figures are taken from Panama specimens, that of the female from Mr. Bates’s type. PIERELLA. Pierella, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 365 (1851), being Div. A, Sect. Il. of Hetera. Pierella, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 108. In this genus the wings are opaque, and the males are distinguished by a small spot of peculiar scales near the inner border of the secondaries. ‘The tibia of the front legs of the male is slender and the tarsus as long as the tibia; in the secondaries the lower discocellular meets the median close to the origin of the first median branch ; the proximal segment of the subcostal is much shorter than the proximal segment of the median. The genus thus restricted contains thirteen or fourteen species, which are distributed over the forest districts of Tropical South America from Mexico to South Brazil, being very common in the valley of the Upper Amazon, which is probably the metropolis of the genus. Four species come within our limits, whereof one is found in Mexico and Guatemala, and the other three between Nicaragua and the Isthmus of Panama. 1. Pierella luna. Papilio luna, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 1097. PIERELLA. 67 Hetera luna, Hew. Exot. Butt. (Het.) t. i. f. 87; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 337°. Pierella luna, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 104‘. Heitera pallida, Salv. & Godm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, ii. p. 142°. Alis fuscis, anticis plaga certa luce viridescente ornatis, linea communi a costa anticarum ad angulum analem posticarum transeunte obscure fusca, aliis valde indistinctis interioribus ; posticis obscurioribus preesertim in dimidio apicali, ocellis duobus nigris apud angulum apicalem, superiore majore et albo pupillato: subtus alis dilutioribus et fusco irroratis lineisque tribus communibus transversis obscuris notatis, posticis serie punctulis submarginalibus albis ornatis. Hab. Nicaracua? (Bridges *), Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten?) ; Panama, Chiriqui, Veraguas, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Cotompia; Guana 14, The specimens described by Fabricius came from Surinam, and were formerly in Drury’s possession. Demerara specimens, identified by Mr. Butler4 with this species, are in the British-Museum collection; but the only South-American examples we have are from Colombia. These are identical with the insect found in Central America as far north as Nicaragua. At one time we separated the Nicaraguan butterfly under the name of Hetera pallida ®, as all the specimens we had then received from that country were very pale-coloured and resembled Hewitson’s figure *, which, it must be admitted, represents a much paler insect than usual. The receipt of more specimens from that country, in no way differing from the Panama and Colombian form, has led us to the conclusion that P. pallida can hardly be considered the distinct race we once supposed it to be; and we therefore now reunite it with P. luna. The nearest ally of P. /una in South America is perhaps P. rhea, of which P. lamia is a local race. This species differs from it in having, in addition to the ocelli of the apical angle of the secondaries, a submarginal row of similar ocelli round the outer margin of those wings. PP. hyceta and P. latona also belong to the same group, as well as P. astyoche. We have described a male Nicaraguan specimen of the typical form. 2. Pierella rubecula, (Tab. VI. figg. 10, 11.) Pierella rubecula, Salv. & Godm. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. ser. 4, ii. p. 142°. P, lune similis, sed posticarum dimidio apicali, preter marginem ipsum, rufo lavato. Hab. Mexico (Sallé), Oaxaca (Deppe, Mus. Ber.); GuatemMaLa, Yzabal and Motagua valley (F. D. G. & O.S.), Polochic valley (Hague). This race of P. /una differs from the southern form in having a large rufous patch on the exterior half of the secondaries; the two apical ocelli are large, and frequently both are pupillated. It appears to be the local race in Mexico and Guatemala of P. luna, and entirely supplants that species in those countries. In South America two other species, P. hyceta and P. latona, show a development of rufous colour on the K2 68 RHOPALOCERA. secondaries similar to what we find in P. rubecula; but both of these species have more ocelli on the secondaries, and, in fact, bear the same relationship to P. rhea that P. rubecula does to P. luna. The specimens we caught were found in virgin forest, and were usually seen flying close to the ground over dead leaves and herbage. When at rest with the wings closed they were most difficult to see. Our figure and description are taken from the type specimen captured by us in the Motagua valley. | 8. Pierella incanescens. (Tab. VI. figg. 5, 6.) Pierella incanescens, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 61°. Pierella helvina, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 337’. Alis fuscis leviter purpureo tinctis, anticis fasciis tribus transversis obscurioribus, una prope basin, secunda ramum medianum primum attingente, et tertia ad cellule finem, fascia cinerea obliqua ultra cellulam a costa ad angulum analem ducta utrinque obscuro marginata, ocello nigro griseo circumcincto ad apicem, et tribus punctis albis in linea eadem submarginalibus notatis ; posticis dimidio apicali, preter marginem ipsum, sanguineo, ocello magno nigro apud angulum apicalem et serie submarginali punctorum alborum ornatis: subtus alis dilutioribus, fasciaque communi obliqua grisea, in posticis dilatata bene distincta, colore sanguineo multum dilutiore. Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt & Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?, Endres +), Trazu (Rogers) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé), Chepo (Arcé '). A very close ally of P. helvina of Hewitson from Colombia, from which it differs in having the inner band crossing the secondaries less oblique and further beyond the end of the cell. The ocelli at the apical angle are larger and more conspicuous, and the red colour more extended, approaching nearer to the outer margin. ‘These differences are slight, but fairly constant so far as they go; still we should not be surprised to find, on the receipt of a larger series of the true P. helvina, that the distinctness of P. in- canescens could not be maintained. | The ranges of this species and of P. ocreata, next described, are rather singular, the latter species occupying a small area cut out, as it were, of the territory of its neighbour, being only found on the line of the Panama railway, and as far as the district of Santiago de Veraguas in that direction. Forty miles south of Panama at Chepo P. incanescens occurs; and from the neighbourhood of Chiriqui, through Costa Rica to Nicaragua, this is the only form. Though the close relationship of P. ocreata to P. incanescens is obvious, the white spot on the secondaries of the former is so con- spicuous and so constant that their recognition is easy. We have figured and described a Nicaragua specimen. 4. Pierella ocreata, (Tab. VI. figg. 7, 8, 9.) Pierella ocreata, Salv. & Godm. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, ii. p. 143’; Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 105”. PIERELLA.—ANTIRRH EA. 69 P. incanescenti similis, sed anticis ocello nigro ad apicem minutissimo (aliquando absente); posticis macula alba subquadrata a costa medio ale tenus extendente, secunda subrotunda minore infra eam in colore sanguineo posita: subtus fascia obliqua fere alba et posticarum macula infra ocellum majore et rubro marginata. Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé*), Lion Hill (/Leannan 12), As already stated, this is a close ally of P. incanescens and P. helvina, differing mainly but obviously in having a large white spot on the secondaries. In this respect it resembles the Brazilian .P. nereis, a point of some significance when the frequent relationship of Central-American and Brazilian species is considered. P. ocreata enjoys a limited range in the State of Panama, bounded on both sides by that of P. incanescens; but the two forms, so far as we know at present, do not in any way intermingle. Our figures and descriptions are taken from Panama specimens, some of the original types. ANTIRRHEA. Hetera, Div. B. Antirrhea, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 865 (1851). (Type Papilio philoc- tetes, Linn.) Antirrhea auctt., Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 107. The name Antirrhea was first introduced by Hiibner, in the second volume of the ‘Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge,’ and applied to A. archea alone. This species was afterwards placed by Westwood in a section of Division B of the genus Hetera, the other section containing Hetewra philoctetes. Mr. Butler, noticing that these two sections really constituted two distinct genera, made a new name, Anchipledia, for A. archea and its allies, leaving A. philoctetes in Antirrhea, when the opposite course should have been taken and the new name bestowed upon A. philoctetes and its allies. As, however, the name Antirrhea has so long been associated with the insects Mr. Butler places under it, we hesitate to disturb matters; still we cannot help feeling that Hiibner’s original application of his name ought to be respected, accompanied as it is with an excellent figure. With Hetera Antirrhea has little in common. The anterior wings of the male have the submedian nervure curiously arched ; and on the inside of this nervure beneath is a row of long hairs which curl upwards and meet in a point, the posterior wings having a patch of peculiar scales to correspond. The secondary sexual male organs are singularly formed ; the upper piece or tegumen has a long decurved spine, but no lateral projections; whilst the harpagones are prolonged into long upturned and slightly recurved rods which are strongly serrate on their inner edge. This arrange- ment is very different from what is found in Hetera and its allies. Seven or eight species are now known of this genus; of these, three come within our limits, one of which extends as far north as Guatemala. Of the South-American 70 RHOPALOCERA. species the valley of the Amazon, Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia seem to be the headquarters, none being found in South Brazil. 1. Antirrhea miltiades. (Tab. VII. figg. 1, 2.) Papilio miltiades, Fabr. Fut. Syst. ii. p. 66°. Antirrhea miltiades, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Diurn. Lep. p. 28°. Antirrhea lindigii, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 425°; Reise Nov. Lep. p. 459, t. 66. f. 1, 2°. Antirrhea casta, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. 1. p. 179°. 3 alis fuscis, anticis macula indistincta costali ferruginea, punctis duobus subapicalibus albis ; posticis obscuri- oribus macula irregulari albescente in area discali punctoque coloris ejusdem (aliquando absente) apud angulum analem: subtus alis brunnescentibus in area media et posticarum limbo externo magis obscurus, fascia communi albescente posticarum angulum analem versus dilatata et in parte latissima maculam rotundam nigram continente, macula altera minore in angulo anali posita, striga communi arcuata obscura per cellulas alarum, altera intra cellulam anticarum et a basi propiore ; posticis punctis quatuor nigris ad basin positis, ciliis posticarum angulum analem versus albicantibus. © mari similis, sed pallidior et supra alis anticis fascia obliqua albicante notatis, subtus paulo dilutioribus. Hab. Guatemata, Northern Vera Paz (f. D. G. & 0. S.); Nicaracua, Chontales (Janson); Panama, Veragua, Calobre (Arcé), Lion-Hill Station (M/‘Leannan).—CoLomBIa. Fabricius originally described this species from Drury’s collection, referring at the same time to a figure in Jones’s drawings, but gave no locality for it. Dr. Felder redescribed it under the name of A. lindigii from a female example he received from Bogota? ; and Mr. Bates also gave it the name of A. casta, from a specimen procured by us in Guatemala *. Mr. Butler, on examining Jones’s drawings, recognized the identity of both Dr. Felder’s and Mr. Bates’s insects with the Fabrician one, and accordingly united them all under the name Antirrhea miltiades in his Catalogue of the Butterflies described by Fabricius ; and we have every reason to believe he was right in so doing”. The range of A. miltiades extends from Guatemala to Bogota—but not interruptedly ; for Messrs. Butler and Druce do not include it in their list of the Butterflies of Costa Rica, nor have we ever seen specimens from that country. On the line of railway and the adjoining parts of the State of Panama it appears again. This gap in its range is filled by its near ally A. fomasia, and by the very distinct A. pterocopha described below. We saw but little of this species in Guatemala, where it is rare. The speci- mens we took were in virgin forest, flying close to the ground, over dead leaves, ¢ at an elevation of about 1200 feet above the sea. Our figure is taken from a Guatemala specimen, the type of Antirrhea casta, Bates. 2. Antirrhea tomasia, (Tab. VII. fig. 3.) Antirrhea tomasia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, xv. p. 222°. A, miltiadi similis, sed posticarum macula irregularis in area discali albescens abest, subtus fascia communi submarginali latiore. ANTIRRH#A.—TISIPHONE. 71 Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn), Bugaba (Arcé 1). This form, which is very closely allied to A. miltiades, differing from it chiefly in the absence of the discal white spot of the secondaries, appears to be restricted to Chiriqui and its vicinity, where it exists to the exclusion of the allied form. 3. Antirrhea pterocopha. (Tab. VII. figg. 4, 5, 6.) Antirrhea pterocopha, Salv. & Godm. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, ii. p. 148. 3 alis anticis fuscis, punctis tribus minutis griseis in area ultra cellulam positis ; posticis obscurioribus, macula fulva irregulari ad apicem, puncto minuto griseo infra eam, maculis tribus cyaneis serie alam transeunte : subtus alis griseis fusco irroratis, fascia communi obscura arcuata a costa anticarum ad angulum analem posticarum extendente alteraque subparallela interiore griseo-purpureo extus marginatis, serie irregulari punctorum submarginalium albescentium punctoque nigro basin posticarum versus notatis. ? mari similis, sed colore fusco dilutiore, anticarum fascia transversa ultra cellulam cyanea notata maculas albidas includente, plaga fulva posticarum multo majore et margine externo late fulvo notato, maculis pos- ticarum cyaneis ad marginem internum absentibus. Hab. Costa Rica (Endres); Panama, Santa Fé and Calobre (Arcé). The specimen from which our original description was taken is a male in bad condition, sent by our collector, Arcé, from Santa Fé; since then we have received others of both sexes from the same country and also from Costa Rica. In colour it most resembles A. philopamen, from the Upper-Amazon region; but it differs very considerably in the form of its anterior wings. These at their apex are abruptly obtuse instead of rounded, and the outer margin strongly angulated at the extremity of the upper radial. The great difference, too, in the size and coloration of the sexes is remarkable, no such contrast being seen in A. philopemen. It appears to be a scarce insect, as we have received but few examples of it, notwithstanding the large collections that have come to us from the country it inhabits. TISIPHONE. Tisiphone, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. ii. t. 86. (Type 7. hercyna, Hiibn.) Tisiphone, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 8370; Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 71. When first used by Hiibner* this genus included three species, none of which belongs to Tistphone as now understood. He afterwards added 7. hercyna; and this has long stood as the only representative of the genus, to the exclusion of the other three. According to strict law the modern practice is incorrect; but in dealing with Hiibnerian genera great inconvenience and confusion would arise by enforcing con- formity, and no doubt Tisiphone had best be left to stand as the name of this genus. One of the distinguishing characters between Tisiphone and Euptychia and Taygetis * Verz. bek. Schm. p. 60. 72 RHOPALOCERA. is the comparative length of the femur and coxa in the front leg of the male. In Tisiphone the femur is considerably longer than the coxa, whilst in the other genera the reverse is the case. In Tisiphone, too, the tegumen bears a single central spine; in Zaygetis and Huptychia there is also a lateral spine on either side. The front scales on the palpi of Zistphone are shorter and more thick-set than usual in Satyrine. Two species have been described of this genus, one of which, 7. maculata, has a wide range, extending from Mexico to Bolivia. The range of the other, 7. hercyna, is hardly satisfactorily known; but it appears to be found in the same countries as 7. maculata, though it is doubtless much rarer. 1. Tisiphone maculata. Tisiphone maculata, Hopff. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 860°. Tisiphone hercyna, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 338? (nec Hiibn.). Alis fusco-brunneis, anticis parte apicali nigricante, macula subapicali maculisque septem (secunda et tertia conjunctis) linea curvata dispositis a margine costali ad angulum analem; posticis paulo dentatis et lineis duabus obscuris submarginalibus notatis: subtus anticarum basi pallidiore, apice variegato et ocello parvo notato; posticis purpureo tinctis et valde variegatis, lineis obscuris undulatis et serie ocellorum sex ornatis, quorum duo cost proximi et unus in angulo anali medius, nigris albo pupillatis. Hab. Mexico (Koppe, Friedrich, Mus. Berol.1; Sallé), Cordova (Riimeli); Guatema.a, Retalhuleu, Vera Paz (/. D. G. & O.S.); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Hoffmann', Van Patten?, Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—CoLomBIA; VENE- ZUELA; Bouivial. This is a wide-ranging species, of which we have many examples from all parts of Central America. These all belong to the insect described by Hopffer under this name as distinct from 7. hercyna, which has the spots of the anterior wings larger, more con- fluent, and arranged in a more regular curve. In Guatemala it is not common; our specimens were taken in the low-lying country on both sides of the mountains, at an elevation of about 1000 feet above the sea. 2. Tisiphone hercyna. Tisiphone hercyna, Hibn. Samml. ex. Schm. u. t. 86'; Westw. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 370, t. 63. f. 2”. Morpho anosia, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 452°. T’. maculate similis, sed maculis anticarum majoribus, iis coste proximis omnino conjunctis et omnibus serie regulari positis. Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.2)—Venuzveta?t; Braziu?3. This species seems to be distinct from the \ast; but being a much rarer insect, its TISIPHONE.—EUPTYCHIA. 73 range is not so well known. We have a single specimen, said to be from Venezuela ; but our sole authority for including it in this work rests upon the plate in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ which was taken from a Mexican specimen, and which undoubtedly belongs to Hiibner’s insect. ORESSINOMA. Oressinoma, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 3871 (1851). This genus contains two species, hitherto only known from the Andes, from Bolivia to Colombia, and from Venezuela. It is not unlike Huptychia in general appearance, though differing in the character of its markings. In structure it has several slight points of divergence. In the front legs of the female the tarsal joints form a sort of club at the end of the limb; and these legs seem destitute of hairs. In the secondary wings the upper discocellular is very short, the upper radial and the middle discocel- lular uniting close to the subcostal nervure. The median and submedian nervures are swollen at the base in Oressinoma, whereas in Euptychia the costal.and median nervures are thus enlarged; the eyes, too, are smooth instead of hairy as is usual in Huptychia. 1. Oressinoma typhla. Oressinoma typhla, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 62. f. 5. Alis griseo-fuscis, marginibus obscurioribus, fascia communi lata alba a costa anticarum ad angulum posticarum analem extendente, linea submarginali pallida in anticis fere obsoleta, in posticis undulata: subtus ut supra, sed alis linea submarginali fulva et altera angusta alba interiore notatis; alis ad basin griseo irroratis. Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers) —CoLomBia, VENEZUELA, Ecuapor. We have only seen from Central America the single female specimen of this delicate insect which we here describe ; and this was sent us by Mr. Rogers, who captured it on the volcano of Irazu, in Costa Rica; we presume, therefore, it is scarce in this region. It appears to be tolerably common in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru, whence we have many specimens. In Bolivia a very closely allied race is found having the white band crossing both wings narrower ; the outer margins too are darker. To this form we gave the name 0. sorata. EUPTYCHIA. Euptychia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 53 (1816); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. ui. p. 372. Mr. Butler, who has long paid attention to the species of this genus, in his latest revision enumerates 192 species as belonging to it. Though the distinctions he draws between many of these are very slight and hardly of specific value, there still remain several undescribed species, which will probably raise the total to about 200 species as comprised within the genus. These are for the most part distributed throughout Tropical America, some half-dozen species only occurring in the extratropical region of BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, August 1880. L 74 RHOPALOCERA. North America. In our limits no less than thirty-four species occur, of which twelve or thirteen are peculiar to the country, three pass northwards into the United States, and the remainder southwards into South America. The limits of the genus Huptychia are by no means easy to define; for though its members are for the most part small insects, the gradation by size into the genus Taygetis is quite imperceptible. Then, again, the hairiness of the eyes, a character upon which considerable stress has been laid, is not one that is quite trustworthy, many of the larger Taygetes having eyes quite as hairy as most Euptychiw. The palpi, too, seem to fail to give any definite distinction between the two genera. In E. squa- mistriga, the type of the genus Pindis of R. Felder, the palpi are so hairy that the terminal joint is hidden; whilst in most of the other members of the genus the terminal joint is plainly visible, long and slender, and directed forwards and upwards from the head; but between these extremes many intermediates occur. The neuration of the primaries, too, is very variable; and we have not been able to satisfy ourselves that by trusting too much to these differences the species can be sorted into natural groups. In £. ewrytus, of North America, the first subcostal branch is thrown off after the cell in the primaries, a character we have not yet found in any southern species. In a good many species the first branch is thrown off before the end of the cell, and the second after it. In others the second branch is emitted close to the end of the cell; and in others both first and second are emitted before the end of the cell. The length of the upper discocellular is also variable: in by far the majority of species it is quite short; but in /. camerta and its immediate allies it is long; and in E. hedemanni it is altogether absent. The former of these has been placed in a genus Neonympha, and the latter as Cyllopsis. We are hardly prepared to split the genus on such slight and variable characters, though this may be necessary at some future day. But to do so a close examination of the majority of the species will be necessary, as well as comparison with the surround- ing genera. In the eight divisions we have used in grouping the various species of Central- American HLuptychie we have found apparently slight characters of colour give tolerably satisfactory results in our endeavour to define them ; but with these we have associated characters drawn from the neuration of the primaries, as well as a few other minor points. Though these groups would include many South-American species, we are fully aware that by no means all these southern forms are represented in Central America ; so that, were the whole genus under revision, considerable additions to and modifications of our arrangement would become necessary. ‘To do this would carry us beyond the scope of this work ; so we have confined our attention to the species occurring within the limits of our fauna. EUPTYCHIA. 75 a. Internal area of upper surface of wings chalky white; apex of primaries of male slightly falcate ; middle discocellular of primaries angular, and emitting a recurrent nervule; two subcostal branches emitted before the end of the cell. 1. Euptychia ocirrhoe. Papilio ocirrhoe, Fabr. Gen. Ins. p. 260°; Ent. Syst. iii. p. 96°; Bates, P. Z. 8S. 1863, p. 249°. Euptychia ocirrhoe, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 459*; Cat. Fabr. Diurn. Lep. p. 11°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 335°. 3 alis cretaceo-albis, lineis pagine inferioris vix apparentibus; anticarum costa et apice fuscis; posticis linea duplici submarginali fusca notatis: subtus alis fuscis, fasciis duabus albis et altera ad basin notatis, lineis duabus submarginalibus (interna valde sinuata); ocellis tribus in area anticarum apicali, et quinque posticarum submarginalibus (secundo et quinto maximis et albo pupillatis). © mari similis, sed anticis haud falcatis et posticis plerumque late fusco marginatis. Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Deppe, Mus. Berol.); British Honpuras, Corosal (Roe); Guatemata, Yzabal and Retalhuleu (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Zapote (Champion); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten®); Panama, Chiriqui and Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (A Leannan?).—Soutu America to Brazil. This is a lowland species of very wide range, being found everywhere in forests from Southern Mexico and Guatemala to South-eastern Brazil, spreading over the valley of the Amazons, Venezuela, and Guiana (the origin of the Fabrician type!°). The species seems subject to slight variation; but we have not been able to detect any constant difference between specimens from the most distant localities. The variety from the Polochic valley indicated by Mr. Butler+ as 1a, appears to belong to the next species. The specimens we took at Yzabal (one of which we have described) were fiying in the low brushwood of the forest near the town. 2. Huptychia metaleuca. (Tab. VIII. figg. 1, 2.) Neonympha metaleuca, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 63°. Euptychia ocirrhoe, var. a, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 459°. Euptychia butleri, Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xii*; Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. p. 116%. E. ocirrhow affinis, subtus fascia alaruam communi alba unica nec duplici distinguenda. Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli); Britis Honpuras, Corosal (foe); GuatTematal, Chisoy and Polochic valleys, Chiacam, Cahabon (Hague), Pancina (Champion), Yzabal, forests of NorthernVera Paz (F. D. G. & O. S.); Nicaraeva, Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica (Gabé?), Cache (Rogers).—Ecuabor. This butterfly was for some time confused with its near ally £. ocirrhoe, of which Mr. Butler considered it a variety 2. It was described by Dr. Boisduval in 18701, and a few years afterwards by Mr. Distant’, whose names were placed together by Mr. Butler in his last revision of the genus Euptychia*. L2 76 RHOPALOCERA. The species has now been traced over a wide area, being found in low-lying lands almost uninterruptedly from Southern Mexico to Ecuador. We have, however, not yet received specimens from any part of the State of Panama; nor have we seen it from other districts of Colombia. It frequents the same forests as E. ocirrhoe, flying amongst the low herbage of the undergrowth. We have figured a Guatemalan specimen from the Polochie valley. 6. Wings either chalky white on the inner area of the wings or brown, the transverse lines and spots of the underside showing distinctly above; middle discocellular of primaries angular, emitting a strong recurrent nervule at the angle; two subcostal branches emitted before the end of the cell. 8. Euptychia mollina. (Z. westwood, Tab. VIII. figg. 13, 14.) Euptychia mollina, Hiibn. Zutr. i. p. 20,*f. 105, 106°. Euptychia westwoodi, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 481°, 1867, t. 12. f.3°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 336%. Euptychia mollis, Staud. Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, 1875, p. 105’. Alis albescentibus, fasciis duabus transversis fuscis, anticarum costa et area apicali (ocellum includente) eodem colore tinctis; posticis linea submarginali obscura ocellisque duobus ornatis, uno ad apicem, altero ad angulum analem positis: subtus alis albidis, fasciis sicut supra rubido-fuscis, altera ad basin (in anticis obliqua) notatis ; posticis ocellis sex submarginalibus ornatis, secundo et quinto maximis. Hab. Muxtco, Oaxaca (Deppe, Mus. Berol.); GuaTEMALA, Pancina, Polochic valley, Cubilguitz, Cahabon (Champion), Honpuras (Mus. Brit.*); Nicaraeua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribde>), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan). —VENEZUELA; GUIANA; AMAZONS. We have now seen a large number of specimens of this species from various parts of its range, which extends from the valley of the Amazons through Guiana, Venezuela, and Central America as far north as Southern Mexico. Though specimens vary con- siderably from different places, we are unable to group any races in a definite manner, the extremes being connected by intermediate forms so completely. It has been pro- posed to divide the species into three, the name for the oldest of which is Hiibner’s E. mollina, the type of which probably came from Northern Brazil. A Honduras example was the type of Mr. Butler's H. westwoodi; and the Chiriqui insect was described by Dr. Staudinger as EL. mollis. We have seen typical specimens of both of the latter, and have compared them with Amazons and Guiana examples. The Central-American butterfly has the cross bands of the wings usually rather wider and more rufous in colour; and this difference is espe- cially obvious in Nicaraguan insects ; but others are undistinguishable from Amazonian specimens, so that a race has not yet been completely formed. &. mollis and E. west- woodz seem to us to be almost absolutely alike. EUPTYCHIA. 17 4, Kuptychia fetna. (Tab. VIII. figg. 15, 16.) Euptychia fetna, Butl. Ent. M. Mag. vi. p. 2507. Alis valde rotundatis, fuscis ; anticis fasciis duabus transversis et plaga ad angulum analem ferrugineis notatis, ocello unico ad angulum apicalem ; posticis fascia mediana transversa et altera submarginali ferrugineis ornatis, lineisque submarginalibus forma catenz positis, ocello ad angulum analem: subtus ut supra sed pallidior et magis distincte notata, posticis serie quinque ocellis ornatis (secundo et quarto maximis, reli- quis fere obsoletis). aulo major, ocellis valde majoribus et maculis alarum pagine superioris multo magis distinctis. Pp J J pag p of Hab. GUATEMALA, San Geronimo (Hague!, Champion), Cubilguitz (Champion). Of this pretty species the single specimen sent to us by Mr. Hague, the type of Mr. Butler's description, was long the only one we possessed. Lately, however, we have had the pleasure of receiving several others from Mr. Champion, who obtained them, also at San Gerdénimo, in August 1879 and again in the present year. Though very distinct, the species clearly belongs to the group of Euptychia which contains £. mollina. We have figured and described the type. 5. Kuptychia anacleta. EKuptychia anacleta, Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. p. 123°. Alis pallidissime fuscis, lineis mediis duabus transversis et marginibus externis obscurioribus, anticis oceilo ad apicem, posticis quinque serie submarginali, ultimo maximo: subtus ut supra, sed alis dilutioribus et anticis plaga mediana flavescenti-rufo suffusa et angulum analem versus extendente, ocello nigro, flavo circumcincto, ad apicem, duobus infra fere obsoletis; posticis ocellis quinque submarginalibus, ultimo maximo, lineaque valde undulata ad margines externos. Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe')—Co oss’. A curiously pale-coloured species, also distinguished by its nearly straight row of ocelli on the underside of the secondaries, as well as by the patch of yellowish rufous on the primaries beneath. It has no near allies, but seems best placed in the same group as L. mollina, though Mr. Butler thinks its affinities are with E. myncea. The second subcostal branch in the primaries is emitted nearer the end of the cell than in £. mollina. A single specimen was contained in Belt’s collection, the only one we have seen except the types when they were in Mr. Butler’s hands for description. The latter belong to Dr. Staudinger, and came from Chiriqui and Colombia. 6. Kuptychia insolata. Euptychia insolata, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 99!; P. Z. S. 1874, p. 3377; Butl. Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. xiii. p. 117°. Euptychia macrophthalma, Staud. Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, 1875, p. 106‘. 78 RHOPALOCERA. Alis fuscis, lineis transversis et ocellis pagin inferioris se permonstrantibus: subtus argenteo-griseis, margines versus obscuris, fasciis duabus mediis transversis ferrugineo-fuscis; anticis linea obliqua ejusdem coloris ad basin, ocello ad apicem, alteroque minore infra eum; posticis ocellis duobus magnis et duobus inter eos notatis. Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten 1?); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, Ribbe*). This insect is probably most nearly allied to /. picia of Butler, which has a con- siderable range in the northern portion of the South-American continent. From it E. insolata differs in having the secondaries rather more produced, and in the marking of the upper surface, the ocelli being rather more clearly defined. As regards Dr. Staudinger’s £. macrophthalma, we have specimens so named from him. These we have compared with the type of £. insolata, and find them identical. Mr. Butler, in his latest revision of the genus Huptychia®, places EL. macrophthalma next to his HL. dinocula, not recognizing its true position. As in EF. anacleta, the second subcostal branch of the primaries is emitted close to the end of the cell. c. Secondary wings with a large ocellus in a fulvous patch near the anal angle; pri- maries with a linear group of metallic spots surrounded by a dull brown oval line; middle and lower discocellulars in a continuous curve; two subcostal branches emitted before the end of the cell. 7. Euptychia salvini. (Tab. VIII. fig. 17.) Euptychia salvini, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 498, t. 40. f. 13!. Alis supra pallide fuscis; anticis sex, posticis tribus lineis transversis fuscis notatis: subtus anticis ad apicem linea ovali maculas argenteo atomatas continente notatis; posticarum parte distali fulva, ocellis duobus ad angulum apicalem et altero magno ad angulum analem ornata. Hab. Panama’, Lion Hill (1 Leannan). Of this species the single ragged female specimen described by Mr. Butler is the only one we have yet met with. This was sent to us by the late James M‘Leannan from his station on the Panama railway. It belongs to the group of Euptychia which contains E. chlorimena (Stoll), E. itonis, Hew., and their allies, species all more or less rare in South America, Guiana and the Amazons valley being their headquarters. d. Wings of male opaque brown, of female paler, the markings of the underside some- times showing faintly above; upper discocellular of primaries very short, directed outwards, middle discocellular strongly convex. a’. First subcostal branch emitted before the end, the second at the end of the cell. EUPTYCHIA. 79 8. Euptychia labe. (Tab. VIIL fig. 3.) Euptychia labe, Butl. Ent. Monthly Mag. vi. p. 250, t. 1. f. 2'; Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xii’. Euptychia crantor, var., Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 373° (nec Cramer, fide Butler). Euptychia myncea, Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xii (nec Cramer) *. , Euptychia myncea, var. c, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 461°. Alis supra fuscis, lineis obsoletis submarginalibus notatis, anticarum area apicali ocello unico plerumque ornata, posticarum angulo anali quoque ocellato: subtus alis pallidioribus, lineis duabus subrectis rufescentibus a costa anticarum ad marginem posticarum internum ductis; plaga ochracea in area anticarum distali; anticis ocello apicali et aliis infra eum obsoletis ornatis; posticis serie ocellorum quinque (secundo et quinto maximis) notatis. Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli) ; Guatemana, Choctum and Polochic valley ! (Haque), San Gerénimo, Zapote (Champion); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.?); Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten, Gabb?*); Panama, Santa Fé and Calobre (Arcé?), Lion Hill (1£Leannan).—Cotomsia, Valle Dupar (Simons). This species is a near ally of H. myncea (Cr.) of Guiana, and may possibly be found inseparable from that insect. The chief differences consist in the greater development of the tawny patch near the margin of the anterior wings beneath, and in the transverse bands of the wings on the underside being narrower and redder. In some specimens the primary wings have an ocellus near the apex on the upper side ; in others this is evanescent ; and in others again it is entirely absent. In specimens from the State of Panama the ocellus of the secondary wings is large and conspicuous. E. labe has a wide range in Central America, being found in the low-lying lands from Southern Mexico to Panama. We have figured and described one of the types from Calobre, Panama. 9, Euptychia terrestris. Euptychia terrestris, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 462, t. 39. f. 1°. E, labe similis, sed minor, plaga ochracea anticarum pagine inferioris absente, et striolis metallicis inter posti- carum ocellos duos elongatis nec rotundatis distinguenda. Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).—Amazons, Para’, &c. A single, rather faded specimen from Belt’s collection agrees fairly with Mr. Butler's type of E. terrestris, a species originally described from a Para example, but which we now trace throughout the Amazons valley. 10. Euptychia pieria. Euptychia pieria, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 463, t. 39. f. 3'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 336’. Euptychia usitata, var. 6, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 463°. Euptychia usitata, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 886*; Butl. Ent. Monthly Mag. vi. p. 252’. 80 RHOPALOCERA. Alis brunneis, fascia communi fusca transversa, altera per cellulam anticarum et duabus submarginalibus notatis, ocello (bipupillato) ad anticarum apicem, altera ad angulum posticarum analem: subtus alis ful- vescentioribus, fascia communi pallida extra cellulam ornatis, ocellis (uno magno, altero parvo) bipupillatis ad angulum posticarum apicalem, margine externo lineis duabus submarginalibus fuscis notato. Obs. E. labe affinis, plaga fulva anticarum pagine inferioris absente. Hab. Mexico (Deppé, Mus. Berol.), Cordova (Riimelt) ; Guatemaua, Polochic valley’, Choctum and Yzabal (F. D. G. & O. 8.), Pancina, Polochic valley (Champion) ; HonDURAS (Mus. Brit.1), San Pedro (G. M. Whitely); Nicaraaua, Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?*); Panama, Chiriqui (2ibdé), Lion Hill (Md Leannan).— VENEZUELA * This species has a wide range in Central America; and if the Venezuela form is the same, as Mr. Butler thinks it in all probability is®, it spreads into the north-western parts of South America. As the name £. pieria was originally applied to a Central- American insect, we retain that name for the present species, leaving the question of its identity with the Venezuelan form for further consideration, as we have not yet had sufficient materials before us to enable us to form a decided opinion on the subject. E. pieria is a lowland species, being probably restricted to districts lying below an elevation of 2500 feet. We have described a specimen from Honduras, where the type of £. pieria was taken 1. | 11. Euptychia gulnare. (Tab. VIII. fig. 11.) Euptychia gulnare, Butl. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vi. p. 250, t. 1. f. 3°. Alis supra fusco-brunneis unicoloribus: subtus alis pallidioribus, linea fusco-nigra submarginali valde sinuata aliisque duabus (una ultra, altera per cellulam transeuntibus); alis anticis ocello unico ad angulum apicalem notatis; posticis ocellis quinque submarginalibus, secundo et quinto maximis et albo distincte pupillatis, reliquis parvis et indistinctis. Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (Af Leannan). Of this dull-coloured species only a single male specimen has as yet reached us; this Mr. Butler described in 18701, and compared it with E. harmonia. The neuration of the primaries, however, places it with E. lade and its allies, whilst £. harmonia goes with /. camerta in a distinct group. 12. Euptychia squamistriga. (£. zabdi, Tab. VIII. fig. 24.) Pindis squamistriga, R. Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 475°; Butl. Lep. Ex. “ Corrections ”’’, Euptychia zabdi, But]. Lep. Ex. p. 11, t. 4. £. 7°. Alis supra fuscis, anticis truncatis, posticis in margine externo angulum analem versus distincte dentatis: subtus alis nigricanti obsolete irroratis, linea submarginali valde indistincta sinuata et altera communi, in posticis angulata, transversa fusco-nigricantibus, alis ultra hance pallidioribus; posticis punctis quinque nigris ornatis (secundo maximo, quinto albo pupillato). EUPTYCHIA. 81 Hab. Mexico, Huahuapam (Hedemann 1), Cuernavaca (Mus. Felder.1); Guaremaa, Choctum (Hague). The eyes in this species are destitute of hairs, and the palpi more densely hairy than in almost any other Luptychia that we have examined. These and other less important characters induced R. Felder to place E. squamustriga in a genus by itself; and we should be glad to adopt this division, were we able to trace any well-defined group of insects possessing such characteristics. But the hairiness or smoothness of the eyes, SO far as we have been able to see, is subject to considerable variation in Euptychia, and still more so the hairiness of the palpi; so that we have not been able to make any satisfactory divisions resting upon these features. The neuration of the primaries places E. sguamistriga with the insects which here precede it, where it may rest pending a thorough examination of the whole genus. This species is apparently a rare one, as we have received but a single specimen from Guatemala, the type of Z. zabdi, now figured. In Mexico, besides the type obtained by Lieut. v. Hedemann at Huahuapam, near Cordova, Felder speaks of two other males in his collection captured at Cuernavaca. The names given by R. Felder and Mr. Butler to this butterfly were proposed within a few weeks of each other. The paper containing the description of the former author was read, but probably not published, prior to the issue of the part of ‘ Lepidoptera Exotica’ containing the description and figure of the latter. As Mr. Butler in his corrections places his name, £. zabdi, as a synonym of E. squamistriga, we follow him in so doing. 6’. First subcostal branch of primaries emitted before the end of the cell, the second beyond it. 13. Euptychia similis. (Tab. VIII. fig. 4.) Euptychia similis, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 463}. ? Kuptychia similis, var., Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 463°, 1867, t. 12. f£. 10°. ? Euptychia undina, Butl. Ent. Month. Mag. vi. p. 252‘. E. labe affinis, sed alis anticis subtus haud fulvo notatis et serie ocellorum submarginali obsoleta, ocello ad angulum analem tantum bene definito; striis transversis multo angustioribus. Hab. Muxtco, Oaxaca (Rébouch); Guatemata, San. Geronimo (Champion), central valleys (fF. D. G. & O. S.' & H. Hague); tNicaracua (Mus. Brit.2**). Though closely resembling E. pieria, this butterfly appears to be sufficiently distinct from that species to be recognizable. Besides the slight difference in the position of the second subcostal branch of the primaries, the chief differences observable are the position of the ocellus of the anal angle of the hind wings beneath (which in £. similis BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, August 1880. M 82 RHOPALOCERA. is placed further from the margin), and in the principal band of the wings beneath being straighter. In Guatemalan specimens the anal ocellus is the only one that is enlarged, but in the example from Nicaragua in the British Museum, which Mr. Butler first described as a variety of EL. similis?, and afterwards as a distinct species‘, the second spot from the costa is also enlarged. We do not feel confident that the Nica- raguan insect is really distinct, a larger series being requisite to establish its validity. E. similis has a rather restricted range in Guatemala, being found in the central districts at an elevation of about 3000 feet above the sea. We have figured the type specimen. 14. Kuptychia renata. (Tab. VIII. fig. 5.) Papilio renata, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 326. f. A’. Euptychia renata, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 336”. Euptychia disaffecta, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 336°. Alis fuscis, linea submarginali duplici notatis, area posticarum anali occllata: subtus alis griseo-fuscis, fusco irroratis et lineis duabus transfasciatis; posticis ocellis tribus (aliquando omnino absentibus), uno ad angulum apicalem, duobus ad angulum analem, ornatis. Hab. Guatemaua, Polochic and Chisoy valleys (//ague), Chiacam and Pancina, Polochic valley (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (v. Patten?*), Caché (Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (A/*Leannan)—Co tompia; VENEZUELA ; GUIANA; AMAZONS VALLEY. There seems to be no certain local variation in specimens from the wide area indicated above. The ocelli of the under surface of the secondaries are perhaps rather smaller, as a rule, in Central-American examples; but the difference is not material. The specimen described by Messrs. Butler and Druce from Costa Rica as KH. disaffecta® proves to be an example of E. renata with rather small ocelli; but we have a specimen from that country where the ocelli are obsolete, and this was selected from others of more normal type. One of the chief characteristics of this species is the mottled appearance of the under surface of the wings. This is well rendered in Cramer’s figure; so that the applicability of his name is hardly doubtful. We have figured a female specimen from the Chisoy valley. 15. Euptychia rubricata. Euptychia rubricata, W. H. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. iii. p. 212'. Alis valde rotundatis, supra brunneis, lineolis tribus submarginalibus notatis, plaga magna lete ferruginea ornatis, ocellis duobus argenteo bipupillatis, uno ad angulum anticarum apicalem, altero ad angulum posticarum analem: subtus alis griseo-brunneis, area media anticarum lete ferruginea, lineolis marginalibus et ocellis sicut In pagina superiore ; anticis stria rubida a costa ad angulum analem ultra cellulam trans- eunte, duabus maculis duplicibus ceruleo-argenteis infra ocellum apicalem notatis ; posticis stria fusca a costa EUPTYCHIA. 83 ad marginem internum (extus pallide griseo limbata) et ocellis quinque serie submarginali positis ornatis, primo maximo, reliquis obsoletis sed argenteo indicatis. Hab. Norta America, Texas \—Mexico (Deppe, Mus. Berol.); Guaremaua, Cachil, Vera Paz (Champion). Mr. Champion has recently sent us several specimens of this pretty species, all taken 3000 or 4000 feet above the sea, on the steep hill-side near the village of Cachil, and overlooking the plain of Salama in Vera Paz. These agree very fairly with Mr. W. H. Hdwards’s description of his H. rubricata, described from Texan specimens. In Guatemala the insect is doubtless very local in its distribution. Mr. Champion only obtained it in one place; and we never met with it ourselves, nor have we received it from any other collector. Two years ago we examined five specimens of a Euptychia in the Berlin Museum, two of which were of Deppe’s collecting, the others from Texas. From our notes we have little doubt they all belong to E. rubricata. c'. First and second subcostal branches of primaries emitted before the end of the cell. 16. Huptychia oreba. Huptychia oreba, But). Cist. Ent. i. p. 19’; Ent. Monthly Mag. vi. p. 252, t. 1.f.7°; Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xii. Alis supra ferrugineo-fuscis ; posticis rotundatis, extus paulo sinuatis: subtus alis cinerascentioribus ; linea sub- marginali nigricante, altera valde sinuata, tertia fere recta ultra cellulam, et quarta indistincta per cellulam notatis ; anticis ocellis quinque albo pupillatis sed indistinctis serie submarginali positis ; posticis quoque ocellis quinque notatis, secundo et tertio obsoletis. Hab. Costa Rica (Gabb*).—CoLomBia. This species was originally described from specimens of which the locality was not recorded’. These are now before us, and agree fairly with the specimen referred by Mr. Distant to £. oreba in his supplementary enumeration of Costa-Rican butterflies °. We have also specimens from the neighbourhood of Santa Marta, Colombia, which we consider to belong to the same species. Between these specimens, five in number, a certain amount of variation exists, but not enough to justify their separation without more materials. The Costa-Rica example comes nearest to the type. 17. Kuptychia libye. Papilio libye, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 772°. Euptychia libye, Butl. P. Z.S. 1866, p. 486°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 336°. Euptychia libyoidea, Butl. P. Z.S8. 1866, p. 487*, 1867, pl. 11. f. 13° ; Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xiii ®. Alis supra fuscis, marginibus externis lineis duabus angustis circumcinctis: subtus alis multo pallidioribus ; posticis purpureo tinctis, fasciis duabus jerrugineis, una per cellulam, altera ultra eam transfasciatis, lineis duabus submarginalibus et plaga elongata intra eas notatis; anticis ocello parvo in apice notatis; posticis ocellis quinque ornatis, primo et quarto multo majoribus et bipupillatis, quinto parvo, reliquis obsoletis, M 2 84 RHOPALOCERA. Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Ff. D. G. & 0.8.7), Chisoy valley (Haque), Choctum (Hague), Retalhuleu (F. D.G. & O. S.), Cubilguitz, Chiacam, Cahabon and Zapote (Cham- pion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (v. Patten®, Gabb®); Panama, Chiriqui, Calobre, and Santa Fé (Arcé).—Sovurn America to North Brazil; Jamaica. This is one of the commonest species of Huptychia in Central America; and we have received numbers of specimens from Guatemala. It varies to some extent in the markings of the underside; but we fail, at present, to see any definite geographical races, though Mr. Butler has separated an insect of this form from Nicaragua as a distinct species. In Guatemala, as doubtless elsewhere, L. /ibye is an inhabitant of the low-lying hot country. 18. Euptychia tiessa. Euptychia tiessa, Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 37!; Butl. Lep. Exot. p. 48, t. 18. f. 42. Alis supra rufo-fuscis, linea obscura submarginali notatis; posticis dentatis et ocello nigro rubro circumdato ornatis: subtus ut supra, alis lineis duabus transversis mediis ferrugineis, linea duplici submarginali ejusdem coloris, inter has fascia lata grisea centro ferrugineo notatis ; anticis ad apicem uno, posticis quinque ocellis submarginalibus ornatis, primo (maximo), quarto et quinto pupillatis, reliquis obsoletis. Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (v. Patten), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—Ecuapor. This species may readily be distinguished from all its allies by the rich ferruginous markings of the underside, and by the broad submarginal grey band with a central ferruginous streak, in which the ocelli are placed. We have several examples taken by Mr. Belt at Chontales, in Nicaragua—southward of which locality it would appear to be rather a scarce insect, as we have only two specimens from Costa Rica and one from Panama. These, however, all agree with one we have from Guadalquiza, in Ecuador, where the types were obtained 1. 19. Euptychia satyrina. (Tab. VIII. fig. 23.) Tagetis satyrina, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p.179*; Butl. & Druce, P.Z.S. 1874, p. 335”. Euptychia gigas, Butl. P.Z.8. 1866, p. 486, t. 40. f. 7°; Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xiii‘. Taygetis incerta, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 98°; Butl. Lep. Exot. p. 149, t. 53. £.1°% Alis fuscis (aliquando ferrugineo notatis) ; posticis ocello nigro albo pupillato, plerumque ferrugineo circumcincto (aliquando fere obsoleto), angulum analem versus: subtus dilutior, alis linea submarginali valde undulata, ferruginea, altera curvata interiore, tertia basin propiore; anticis punctis nigris indistinctis apud apicem ; posticis ocellis quinque notatis, primo, quarto et quinto maximis. Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.); Guaremata, Polochic valley (F. G. & O. 8), Chuacus, Plain of Salama, Choctum, Chisoy valley (Hague); Coban, Pancina, and San Gerénimo (Champion) ; Costa Rica (v. Patten ?**, Gabo*), Irazu (fogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé), EUPTYCHIA. 85 This species was originally described by Mr. Bates from a specimen obtained by us in the Polochic valley, Guatemala’. It is a common insect in the shady forests, and exhibits a considerable amount of variation, which has led to its having been redescribed by Mr. Butler. We have a good series of specimens picked from a large number of individuals. These show a gradual variation from the type specimen, which is dark brown on the upper side, faintly ocellated between the first and second median branches of secondaries, beneath rusty brown, both wings crossed near the middle by parallel ferruginous lines edged with ochreous, the outer line on the inner side, the inner line on the outer side; both wings are paler towards the outer margin. Some of our specimens from Costa Rica have the whole of the interior area of the primaries and a portion of the secondaries on the upper side ferruginous; these are much paler beneath, being of a rich ochreous brown, especially on the anterior wings ; they also have two small white spots near the apical ocellus of the anterior wings, the second and third ocelli of the secondaries being also white. Between these two extremes there is every grade of variety, rendering it quite impossible to recog- nize more than one species. Taygetis incerta’, of which we have the type, we consider nothing more than a pale variety of the present species. The markings are precisely in the same places in each; and we have likewise intermediate examples leading up to this form. 20. Kuptychia polyphemus. (Z£. cyclops, Tab. VIII. fig. 22.) Euptychia polyphemus, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 488°. Euptychia umbracea, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 98°; Butl. Lep. Exot. p. 149, t. 53. f. 2”. Euptychia cyclops, Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. p. 126, t. 12. f. 2*. Alis fuscis: subtus ut supra, linea submarginali sinuata obscura duabusque mediis subparallelis; anticis punctis minutis albis ad apicem, posticis aliis quatuor submarginalibus ocelloque nigro albo pupillato, inter ramos medianos secundum et tertium notatis. Hab. Costa Rica (v. Patten?*), Rio Sucio (fogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Ridbbe*, Zahn).—CotomBiat; Ecuapor; Perv‘. After a close examination we are unable to discover any differences by which to recognize Mr. Butler’s three species as distinct from each other. We possess the types of E. umbracea and of £. cyclops, and have compared these with that of £. poly- phemus in the British Museum, and are satisfied as to their all belonging to the same species. The South-American race appears to be a trifle smaller; and the ocellus beneath at the apical angle of the secondaries is perhaps also smaller in an average number of specimens; the transverse lines, too, on the secondaries are usually closer together. But these points of difference break down when a series of specimens is examined. The species is not unlike £. satyrina, differing in the shape of the wings, the more even edge of the secondaries, and in the generally darker tint of the wings beneath. 86 RHOPALOCERA. 21. Kuptychia antonoe. Papilio antonoé, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 60, f. EH, F’. Euptychia antonoé, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 486°. Alis supra fuscis, lineis tribus indistinctis submarginalibus notatis: subtus alis dilutioribus et grisescentioribus, fasciis mediis duabus ferrugineis lineisque tribus subparallelis pone marginem externum ; anticis ocello parvo apud angulum analem et posticis ocellis quinque ornatis, primo et quarto maximis, his cum quinto albo pupillatis, reliquis obsoletis. Hab. Guatemata, forests of Northern Vera Paz, Choctum (fF. D. G.& 0. S.), Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—VENELUELA; AMAZONS; GUIANA’. This is one of the largest species of the genus, and is distinguished by the pointed form of the primaries, the outer margin being in some male specimens slightly concave. Central-American specimens are quite as large as southern ones, and usually have the wings of a rather browner tint beneath; but the difference is slight. In female specimens the anal spot of the secondaries beneath shows through on the upper surface of the wing. 92. Kuptychia nebulosa. (Tab. VIII. fig. 10.) Euptychia nebulosa, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 479", 1867, t. 12. f.27. Alis supra olivaceo-fuscis, lineis tribus submarginalibus notatis; anticarum margine externo paulo concavo: subtus alis dilutioribus, lineis duabus mediis transversis, tribusque ad margines externos, intima sinuata, ferrugineis; anticis ocello apicali albo pupillato; posticis ocellis quinque notatis, primo (albo bipupillato), quarto et quinto maximis. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ridse), Lion Hill (Ad*\Leannan).—VENEzvELA?. This species, though much smaller than . antonoe, has similar pointed primaries ; and the neuration being also similar, it may be placed next that species. It is a rare insect in Central America, as only two specimens have as yet come under our notice. These agree fairly with Mr. Butler’s type, though the apical ocellus of the primaries of the Lion-Hill example, a female, is almost obsolete. e. Wings of both sexes opaque brown; upper discocellular of primaries long and directed forwards, middle discocellular straight, short, and also directed forwards ; first subcostal branch emitted before the end of the cell, the second beyond it. 23. Euptychia camerta. (Tab. VIII. figg. 6, 7). Papilio camerta, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 293. f. F’. EUPTYCHIA. 87 Euptychia camerta, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 835 7. Papilio hermes, Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 158°. Euptychia hermes, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 336 *. Papilio sosybius, Fab. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 219°. Euptychia sosybius, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 474°; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 1497. Neonympha fallax, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. vi. p. 177°. Euptychia fallax, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 336°. Euptychia maimouné, Butl. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vi. p. 251, t.1. f.4°; Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xii”. Alis supra fuscis: subtus dilutioribus, lineis duabus submarginalibus fuscis ornatis, interiore sinuata, fasciis duabus subparallelis, una ultra cellulam, altera intra eam transeuntibus; anticis ocellis quinque submar- ginalibus notatis (seepe obsoletis), posticis ocellis sex ornatis, secundo et quinto maximis, et omnibus plerumque albo pupillatis. Hab. Nortu America, Southern States, Texas ’.—Mexico, Tomasulapam (Hedemann, Mus. Vind.), Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Lenochio); Britiss Honpvuras, Corosal (Roe); GuatTeMALA, Duefias (7. D. G. & O. S.), San Geronimo (f. D. G. & O. S., Champion), Zapote (Champion), Polochic and Chisoy valleys (Hague), Choctum (f. D. G. & O. S.); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.); Nicanacua*, Chontales (Belt, Janson), Costa Rica (v. Pat- ten? 49, Gabb™); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé)—Sovutrn America generally to Brazil. With nearly a hundred specimens before us of this species, selected out of several times that number, we have vainly endeavoured to separate them into different races, for which no lack of names exist ready made for their reception. We have failed, however, to see how E. camerta, E. hermes, E. sosybius, E. fallax, and E. maimouné can be defined by any trustworthy characters so as to distinguish the one from the other. The submarginal spots of the secondaries vary very much ; and though Central- American specimens show a tendency to have the outermost but one at each end of the row a well-formed and conspicuous ocellus, examples are not wanting where all the ocelli are nearly equal, this being the prevalent character of the Guianan and Brazilian insects. Other characters are equally fugitive; so that we find it impossible to follow Mr. Butler and others in their minute subdivision of this species. The name F. camerta, which we adopt, is the oldest, and, resting as it does on Cramer’s figure, is, on the whole, the most desirable one to use. The species is quite one of the commonest of Huptychie, being found nearly every- where throughout Central America, from an elevation of 5000 or 6000 feet to the sea- level. We have figured two rather extreme forms, one (fig. 6) from the Polochic valley, the other (fig. 7) from Choctum. 88 RHOPALOCERA. 24. Kuptychia phares. (Tab. VIII. figg. 8, 9.) Satyrus phares, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 491°. Neonympha phares, Westw. & Hew. Gen. Dinrn. Lep. p. 375, t. 67. f. 47. Euptychia phares, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 477°. Alis supra fuscis, lineolis tribus subparallelis marginatis; anticis ocello unico in angulo apicali, posticis ocellis quatuor linea submarginali positis ornatis, primo et quarto maximis: subtus multo pallidioribus, lineis et ocellis multo magis distinctis, linea communi fusca extus sordide albido limbata et anticis plaga magna media fulva notatis. Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—VENEZUELA®; Braziut. Of this species we have a single female specimen, sent us from Calobre by Arcé, that now described and figured. This agrees closely with a series of examples from Brazil and Venezuela, showing that this insect, though apparently nowhere common, has a very extensive range. | 25. Kuptychia harmonia. Euptychia harmonia, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 478, t. 39. f. 177. Alis supra fuscis: subtus dilutioribus, lineolis tribus fuscis marginatis, fascia rufescenti-fusca communi in posticis trisinuata extra cellulas, altera per cellulas transeunte; anticis ocellis quatuor vel quingque ornatis, eo ad angulum apicalem majore, reliquis obsoletis ; posticis ocellis quinque notatis, quarto maximo, secundo quoad magnitudinem proximo, reliquis fere obsoletis, sed omnibus albo pupillatis. Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu and Caché (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribde).—Ecuapor }. This species, which by its neuration belongs to the same group as E. camerta, was originally described from Ecuadorean specimens!. Since then we have received a number of examples both from Costa Rica and from the neighbourhood of Chiriqui. These all agree accurately with the typical form from Ecuador. J. Wings, especially the apical portion of the secondaries, more or less washed with shining blue in both sexes; first and second subcostal branches emitted before the end of the cell; middle discocellular angular, and emitting a short recurrent nervule. 26. Kuptychia ebusa. Papilio ebusa, Cram, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 292. f. F, G’. Euptychia ebusa, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 489°. Euptychia arnea, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 837 (ex Fabr.) *. d alis supra pallide fuscis, lineis pagine inferioris translucentibus, posticarum dimidio apicali late ceruleo : subtus dilutioribus; posticis ad marginem internum leviter ceruleo lavatis, lineolis tribus fuscis sub- parallelis marginatis, fasciis duabus ferrugineis, una ultra cellulas a costa anticarum ad marginem posti- EUPTYCHIA. 89 carum internum, altera per cellulas transeunte ; anticis ocello unico apicali notatis, posticis ocellis quinque serie submarginali ornatis, primo et quarto maximis, tertio quarto confluente. © mari similis, sed area anticarum interna cum posticis fere omnino cyaneo tinctis. Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten®), Trazu (Rogers); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé), Lion Hill (‘Leannan).—Sovtn America to the ‘Amazons valley; Gurana tl. This is a common South-American butterfly, occurring in numbers in collections from Guiana. It is also abundant on the Isthmus of Panama and thence northwards to Nicaragua. These do not differ from Guiana specimens, whence Cramer’s types were procured. Messrs. Butler and Druce? follow Mr. Kirby in using Fabricius’s name LE. arnea for this species; and they may be right in so doing. But as Fabricius, in his later works, considered EK. fea of Cramer to be probably the same as his £. arnca, the association of the latter name with £. ebusa is at least doubtful. We therefore adopt Cramer’s title as more certain, and therefore preferable, one too that has been until recently almost universally used. 27. Huptychia sericeella. (Tab. VIII. figg. 20, 21.) Euptychia sericeella, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 202'; Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 489%. © E. ebuse similis, sed anticis cyano magis diffuso, ocellis posticarum subtus minoribus et linea transversa interna angustiore differt. Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob.); Guatemata, forests of Northern Vera Paz, Choctum (0. 8. & f. D. G.1). It is quite possible that this insect, when more is known of it, will prove to be inseparable from E. ebusa. It is certainly not intermediate, as Mr. Butler suggests ?, between that species and E. cluwena (Drury). Though Mr. Bates states that he described a male, the fact of both wings being suffused with blue shows, we think, that it was really a female specimen he had before him. This supposition is confirmed by our specimen, marked as the type, being a female and not a male. ‘Though we have seen a male specimen in the Vienna Museum, we were not able to examine it with sufficient care to say how it differs from the same sex of L. ebusa, so that specimens of this sex still remain to be compared; and it is more than probable, judging from analogy, that the chief distinction between FE. sericeella and EL. ebusa, relied upon by Mr. Bates when describing the former, will disappear when the male sex is examined. Besides the greater amount of blue on the wings, females only differ from that sex in HL. ebusa by the ocelli being smaller, and the inner of the two transverse bands beneath being narrower, both unimportant characters. The species is quite rare in Guatemala: we took a specimen in the forests of Vera Paz, north of Coban, at an elevation of about BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, February 1881. N 90 RHOPALOCERA. 1200 feet; and since our return a single example has been sent us from Choctum, in the same district. We have figured and described the type from the forests of Northern Vera Paz. g. Wings of male dead blue, of female brown, but wings of both sexes beneath always tinged with blue: first subcostal branch of primaries emitted before the end of the cell, the second just after it: upper discocellular very short ; second strongly convex. 28. Euptychia glaucina. (Tab. VIII. figg. 18, 19.) Euptychia glaucina, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 203’. $ alis supra griseo-cyaneis, venis, costa et margine externo fuscescentibus: posticis lineolis duabus submar- ginalibus notatis ; subtus pallide cyaneis, lineolis duabus submarginalibus et quatuor transversis rufescenti- fuscis ornatis; linea posticarum tertia ocellos quatuor includente, duos ad angulum apicalem et duos ad angulum analem. @ alis supra fuscis ; posticis lineolis obsolete marginatis, subtus sicut in mare. fab. MExtico, Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), Potrero (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob.), Valla- dolid, Yucatan (Gaumer); GuatmMALA, Duefias (FD. G. & O. 8.1), Zapote, San Isidro, and Cahabon (Champion). This is a northern representative of EH. lycidice, differing, at a glance, from. that species in the much greyer tint of the wings of the male. Until quite recently the only specimen known to us was one captured by us at Duefias in 1861, which served as the type of Mr. Bates’s description, and is the one now figured. Within the last few months we have received additional specimens from Yucatan, and also a good supply of examples from Mr. Champion, who captured them chiefly in the neighbourhood of Cahabon, though he also found it elsewhere. It would thus seem to have a considerable range, and in altitude is found from the sea-level to a height of 5000 feet. h, Secondary wings beneath with a submarginal row of metallic spots or lines; first subcostal branch of primaries emitted before the end of the cell, the second after it. a’. Upper discocellular of primaries short, directed forwards. 29. Kuptychia philodice. (Tab. IX. figg. 15, 16.) Euptychia philodice, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 264’. ¢ alis supra fusco-brunneis; posticis macula conspicue irregulari fulva ultra cellulam, ocellis tribus submar- ginalibus absque pupillis; subtus rubescenti-brunneis, anticis lineis tribus subparallelis ferrugineis, fascia subtriangulari pallide fulva inter duas exteriores marginem internum versus; posticis linea valde sinuata per cellulam, altera extra eandem et extus fascia fulvida late limbata, ocellis duobus submarginalibus ad medium marginis externi, maculas argenteas sagittiformes includentibus, maculis quoque similibus ad marginem reliquum. 2 mari similis, sed alis paulo dilutioribus et marginibus suis magis rotundatis. Hab. Costa Rica, Volean de Irazu (Rogers). EUPTYCHIA. 91 This well-marked species belongs to the same group as £. gemma, with which £. phocion of the United States is usually associated, and has the apical angle of the secondaries produced as in EL. argentella and E. rogerst. The peculiar tawny marks of the secondaries render the species very distinct from its allies. This marking on the upper surface is subject to some variation, being more restricted in some specimens and divided by the brown of the inner portion of these wings running through it longitudinally. Mr. Rogers sent us a good series of specimens, all taken on the slopes of Irazu, in Costa Rica. We have figured the type. 30. Euptychia nelsoni, sp. n. Alis supra fusco-brunneis olivaceo tinctis, anticarum apicibus et posticarum marginibus obscurioribus, his maculas. obsoletas nigras includentibus ; subtus anticis fere unicoloribus fuscis, posticis paulo grisescentioribus, fascia lata recta valde distineta a costa ad angulum analem ducta albicante, et fascia altera interiore sinuata indistincta fusca, ornatis ; ocellis duobus submarginalibus ad medium marginis externi, maculas argenteas sagittiformes includentibus, maculis quoque similibus ad marginem reliquum. Exp. 1°75 poll. © mari similis, sed major; posticarum area interna fere ochracea, margine obscuro angustiore, et maculis submarginalibus nigris magis distinctis; subtus quoque fascia conspicua albicante absente distinguenda. Exp. 1:9. Hab. Guatemata, Cerro de Zunil (Champion). Of this pretty and distinct species Mr. Champion has recently sent us a good series of specimens, which he captured in the forests of the southern slope of the Cerro de Zunil, at an altitude of about 6000 feet above the sea. When exploring this moun- tain, Mr, Champion stayed at Las Nubes, a coffee-estate founded by the late Mr. William Nelson, an old friend of ours, after whom we have named the species. In the series before us we trace a slight variation in size, and also in the distinctness of the dark margin of the secondaries from the rest of the wings. On the underside the conspicuous transverse band is broader in some specimens than in others; and in one example the middle portion has a few dark scales, rendering it less pure in colour. As regards the single female specimen, it agrees sufficiently with the males in every particular, except in wanting the pale band of the secondaries beneath, which is replaced by dark rusty red. As the position of this band is indicated, and as we see no other evidence pointing to the presence of a second species, we incline to the opinion that this female is the normal female of the males taken in the same woods. The difference, however, is more than is usually seen between the sexes of species of Euptychia. The nearest ally of E. nelsoni appears to be E. philodice of Costa Rica. 31. Euptychia argentella. (Tab. VIII. fig. 26.) Euptychia argentella, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 98°; P.Z.S. 1874, p. 337°. N2 92 RHOPALOCERA. E, philodice similis, sed plerumque minor et posticis macula fulvida absente, subtus fascia flava anticarum et posticarum absentibus, linea transversa posticarum exteriore valde angulata et extrorsum (in specimine typico) flavido leviter limbata ; ocellis omnibus multo minoribus. Hab. Guatemata, Duefias, Calderas, and Cerro de Zunil (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten 12), Volcan de Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Areé, Ribbe). Typical male examples of this species from Costa Rica are considerably smaller than those from Guatemala, and have a yellowish transverse mark on the secondaries, not seen or only faintly in the more northern insects. These differences, though fairly con- stant, are scarcely of sufficient importance to justify the division of the species. Chiriqui examples, one of which we have figured, agree with those from Costa Rica. In a series of specimens from Zunil, recently received, further variation 1s also to be traced: in some examples the wings are more rounded than in others, and of a rich ferruginous tint; on the underside, too, the colour of the wings varies from ferruginous to almost grey, and the ocelli of the secondaries, well marked in some individuals, are almost obsolete in others. As in E. philodice two, and sometimes three, blind ocelli are visible near the middle of the outer margin of the secondaries. This character distinguishes these species from E. rogersi, which shows only one such ocellus. Some of Mr. Champion’s Guatemala specimens were captured at elevations ranging between 5000 and 7000 feet above the sea. 32. Euptychia rogersi. (Tab. IX. figg. 13, 14.) Euptychia rogersi, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 265°. E, argentelle similis, sed posticis supra ocello unico notatis; alis subtus magis fuscescentibus fascia inter strias transversas duas externas griseo-fusca; ocello magno unico ad angulum apicalem et maculis argenteis majoribus differt. 2 mare pailidior, et alis striis ferrugineis pagins superioris notatis. ~ Hab. Costa Rica, Volcan de Irazu (Rogers*). The single ocellus of the secondaries, which shows on the upper surface as a black submarginal spot, at once serves to distinguish this species from its allies. The anal angle of the secondaries, as in E. philodice and E. argentella, is considerably produced, and even more so than in those species. Mr. Rogers sent us four specimens of this insect, including both sexes. All were taken on the slopes of the Volcan de Irazu. 38. Kuptychia gemma. (Tab. VIII. fig. 12.) Neonympha gemma, Hiibn. Zutr. Ex. Schm. p. 8, f. 7, 8°. EUPTYCHIA. 93 Euptychia gemma, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 500°; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 150°. Euptychia cornelius, Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. p. 122 (ex Fabr.)*. Alis supra cinereis, posticis ocellis duobus indistinctis ad marginem externum; subtus ut supra fusco irroratis, anticis tribus, posticis duabus lineis ferrugineis transfasciatis, posticis duobus ocellis bipartitis et argenteo ornatis ad marginis externi medium, area circumjacente ferrugineo atomata, margine reliquo externo maculis argenteis sagittiformibus ornato. Hab. NortH America, Southern States!, Texas?.—Mexico (Deppe, Mus. Berol.) ; GuATEMALA, Duefias, San Gerdénimo and Polochic valley (Ff. D.G. & O. S.), San Gerénimo